Search This Blog

Wednesday, July 31, 2013

적당량의 비타민 C, 멜라토닌, 알파라이포익산 등 항산화 보충제

허리는 없어지고
허리 있던 자리만 남아

비 만은 일반적으로 체중이 많이 나가는 상태를 의미하지만 정확하게는 체내에 지방이 과다하게 축적된 상태를 말한다. 체지방은 전체 체중에서 지방 무게가 차지하는 비율을 백분율(%)로 나타내며, 정상치는 성인 남자의 경우 15-18%, 여자의 경우 20-25%다. 일반적으로 남자의 경우 25% 이상, 여자의 경우 30% 이상을 비만으로 판정한다.

하지만 비만의 위험도를 결정하는 데김래영는 단순히 체중이나 체지방보다 체형(체지방의 분포)이 더 중요하다. 즉 체중이 정상이더라도 허리둘레가 굵으면 콜레스테롤이나 혈당지수가 높고 당뇨병?고혈압?고지혈증?지방간?뇌졸중?심장병 발생률도 높아지는데 그 이유는 내장지방이 많기 때문이다. 복부(내장)비만은 허리둘레를 측정하여 남자 90cm 이상, 여자 85cm 이상이면 의심할 수 있으며, 정확하게는 복부 컴퓨터 단층촬영으로 내장지방 면적이 100㎠ 이상일 때 내장비만으로 정의한다.

내장지방이 과다하게 축적되는 원인은 나이 듦, 과식, 단순당질(설탕 등)의 과다 섭취, 음주 등에서 찾을 수 있으며, 흡연 또한 내장지방의 증가와 관계가 있다. 운동 부족, 유전적 영향 등도 복합적으로 관여한다. 일반적으로 남자가 여자보다 내장지방이 많으며, 특히 남자는 나이가 들어가면서 내장지방이 증가하고 여자는 폐경 후 많이 증가한다.

손쉽게 할 수 있는 생활습관 교정과 식이요법은 무엇일까?
1. 규칙적인 운동.
하루 한 시간씩 일주일에 3회 이상 할 것. 유산소 운동(빠르게 걷기, 줄넘기, 자전거 타기 등)과 근력 운동을 병행한다면 효과 만점.
2. 지나친 음주는 삼가. 과다한 음주는 스트레스 호르몬과 부신 호르몬에 이상을 일으켜 직접적으로 내장비만을 증가시킨다.
3. 금연. 흡연은 체중은 적게 나가게 하더라도 근육을 위축시키고 내장지방을 축적시키며, 당대사와 지질대사에 이상을 가져와 당뇨병 및 고지혈증의 발생률을 높인다.
4. 1-2잔의 원두커피 또는 녹차. 설탕과 프림 없는 원두커피 및 녹차 속에 함유된 항산화 물질은 간에서 몸에 해로운 중성지방이 합성되지 않도록 하며, 적당량의 카페인이나 녹차의 카테킨은 에너지 대사율을 높인다.
5. 스트레스를 줄이는 노하우 개발. 스트레스 호르몬은 직접적으로 내장비만을 증가시킨다.
6. 식습관 개선. 혈당지수(Glycemic index)가 낮으면서 저칼로리 식품인 잡곡류, 콩류, 저지방우유, 플레인 요구르트, 토마토 및 생과일을 즐겨 먹을 것.
7. 적당량의 비타민 C, 멜라토닌, 알파라이포익산 등 항산화 보충제. 몸에 해로운 활성산소를 제거하고 지질대사를 도와 내장지방을 줄이는 데 도움이 된다.

이 7가지 노하우는 내장지방을 줄이는 건강지킴이일 뿐 아니라 외형적으로 체형을 아름답게 하는 효과가 있다. 체중이 적게 나가도 내장지방이 많은 사람은 지속적인 운동과 식이요법으로 내장비만을 낮추는 데 중점을 둬야 하며, 좀 뚱뚱하더라도 내장지방이 적은 사람은 체중에만 연연해 무리한 다이어트를 할 필요가 없음을 잊지 말 것!



도움말 ?이지원 교수(가정의학과)
EDITOR 최종훈
PHOTOGRAPHER 정민우


http://blog.iseverance.com/sev/i/entry/26#_home

Monday, July 29, 2013

설탕을 많이 먹는 사람은 당뇨병과 암에 걸릴 확률이 높다.

우리가 가장 많이 먹는 음식들 중 우리가 간과하고 지나가는 음식은 없을까?
설탕의 소비와 암 증가율과의 그래프가 정확히 일치한다. 설탕을 많이 먹는 사람은 당뇨병과 암에 걸릴 확률이 높다.
우리 조상들이 먹던 유일한 당은 꿀이었고 정제된 설탕이나 흰 밀가루는 섭취하지 않았다.
하지만 현대인은 정제당과 흰 밀가루, 동물성기름 등에서 에너지의 절반 이상을 섭취한다.
고립된 지역의 인디언족인 아체족과 뉴기니의 키타반제도에서 고립돼 살고 있는 두 집단은 설탕을 섭취하지 않기 때문에 청소년들에게서 여드름이 발생하지 않는다.
실제로 커피에 넣는 설탕 한조각과 과자, 흰 빵 등이 암을 유발하는 염증과 관련이 있다.
그렇다면 암과 당과의 관계는 어떨까?
독일의 생화학자 오토하인리히 바르부르크(Otto Heinrich Warburg,1883-1970)는 암세포의 신진대사는 포도당소비와 큰 연관이 있다는 것으로 1931년 노벨의학상을 수상했다.
요즘 암 진단에 MRI보다 PET(양전자 단층촬영)가 더 활용되어지고 있다.
조금은 비약적인 논리로 보일수도 있지만 PET의 원리를 보면 암의 발생과 치료에 대한 힌트를 찾을 수 있다.
PET의 원리는 방사선 동위원소에 포도당의 일종인 의약품 F-18-FDG를 인체에 주입하면 몸 안에서 포도당 대사가 항진된 부위에 포도당이 많이 모이게 되는데 포도당내에 실어진 양전자가 보내는 신호를 3차원 영상으로 인체의 생리, 화학적, 기능적 부분을 나타내는 원리다.
특히, 암세포는 다른 조직보다 많은 포도당을 먹이로 하기 때문에 동위원소가 암세포나 암조직에 민감하여 많이 모이게 되므로 암 진단에 유용하게 활용되고 있다.
앞에서 언급했듯이 PET의 원리도 포도당을 표적으로 영상화한 것이다. 다른 곳보다 포도당의 소비가 과도하게 나타내는 부분이 있다면 그 부분이 암일 가능성이 높다.
사실 당뇨병 연구가들에 의하면 인슐린 증가와 IGF(Insulin-like Growth Factor)는 염증 과 암세포의 증식을 직간접으로 자극한다고 한다.
네델란드의 캐롤린스키 연구소의 발표에 의하면 약 8만명의 성인남녀를 상대로 평소 섭취하는 음식과 췌장암의 발병율에 대해 평소 탄산음료와 설탕이 많이 들어있는 음식을 많이 먹는 그룹이 그렇지 않는 그룹에 비해 두 배 가까이 높은 것으로 조사됐다.
그래서, 암을 연구자들은 혈액 내 인슐린과 IGF의 수치를 낮추는 새로운 암 치료법을 개발해야한다고 주장한다.
췌장암은 췌장이 분비하는 인슐린 수치가 높아져 발병하는 암으로 인슐린은 평소 식사하는 설탕의 양과 비례한다.
신약개발이나 새로운 암 치료법도 중요하겠지만 평소의 식습관이 더 중요한 문제이다. 신약이 개발되지 않더라도 누구나 할 수 있는 방법이 있다. 조금만 신경 쓴다면 간단한 식이요법으로 이를 극복할 수 있다.
설탕은 암의 주식이다.
설탕의 소비와 암의 증가율 그래프가 겹쳐질 정도로 연관성이 있다
 
 
http://www.vitamincall.com/2013/06/blog-post_6188.html

Saturday, July 27, 2013

Photoaging

Photoaging or photoageing[1] (also known as "Dermatoheliosis"[2]) is a term used for the characteristic changes induced by chronic UVA and UVB exposure.[3]:29 Tretinoin is the best studied retinoid in the treatment of photoaging[4]

The deterioration of biological functions and ability to manage metabolic stress is one of the major consequences of the aging process. Aging is a complex, progressive process which also leads to functional and esthetic changes in the skin. This process could result from both intrinsic, such that it is genetically determined, as well as extrinsic processes which include environmental factors.

Photoaging is a process of aging of the skin attributed to continuous, long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation of approximately 300–400 nm, natural or synthetic, on an intrinsically aged skin. Photoaging is thus also known as aging of the skin of the face, ears, neck and hands, caused by UVA and UVB rays.
Contents

    1 Effects of UV light
    2 Signs, symptoms and histopathology
    3 Endogenous defense mechanism against UV radiation
        3.1 Treatment of photoaging
    4 See also
    5 References
    6 External links

Effects of UV light

UV and molecular and genetic changes

UVB ray is considered as a primary mutagen that can only penetrate through the epidermal or outermost layer of the skin, resulting in DNA mutations. These DNA mutations arise due to chemical changes, the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and photoproducts formed between adjacent pyrimidine bases. These mutations may be clinically related to specific signs of photoaging such as wrinkling, increasing in elastin and collagen damage.[5][6]

The epidermal layer does not contain any blood vessels or nerve endings but melanocytes and basal cells are embedded in this layer. Upon exposure to UVB rays, melanocytes will produce melanin, a pigment that gives the skin its color tone. However, UVB will cause the formation of freckles and dark spots, both of which are symptoms of photoaging. With constant exposure to UVB rays, signs of photoaging might appear and precancerous lesions or skin cancer may develop.

UVA rays are able to penetrate deeper into the skin as compared to UVB rays. Hence, in addition to the epidermal layer, the dermal layer will also be damaged. The dermis is the second major layer of the skin and it comprises collagen, elastin, and extrafibrillar matrix which provides structural support to the skin. However, with constant UVA exposure, the size of the dermis layer will be reduced, thereby causing the epidermis to start drooping off the body. Due to the presence of blood vessels in the dermis, UVA rays could lead to dilated or broken blood vessels most commonly visible on the nose and cheeks. UVA can also damage DNA indirectly through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which includes superoxide anion, peroxide and singlet oxygen. These ROS damage cellular DNA as well as lipids and proteins.

UV and pigmentation

UV exposure could also lead to inflammation and vasodilation which is clinically manifested as sunburn. UV radiation activates the transcription factor, NF-κB, which is the first step in inflammation. NF-κB activation will result in the increase of proinflammatory cytokines e.g. interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 vascular endothelial growth factor and tumor necrosis factor, TNF-α. This would then attract neutrophils which lead to an increase in oxidative damage through the generation of free radicals.

Additionally, UV radiation would cause the down-regulation of an angiogenesis inhibitor, thrombospondin-1, and the up-regulation of an angiogenesis activator which is platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, in keratinocytes. These enhance angiogenesis and aid in the growth of UV-induced neoplasms.

UV and immunosuppression

It has also been reported that UV radiation would lead to local and systemic immunosuppression, due to DNA damage and altered cytokine expression. This has implications in cutaneous tumor surveillance. The langerhan cells would undergo changes in terms of quantity, morphology and functions due to UV exposure and eventually becomes depleted. One of the reasons suggested to account for the presence of immunosuppression mediated by the body is due to the need to suppress or prevent an autoimmune response to inflammatory products resulting from UV-mediated damage.

UV and degradation of collagen

UV exposure would also lead to the activation of receptors for epidermal growth factor, IL-1 and TNF-α in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, which then activates signalling kinases throughout the skin via an unknown mechanism. The nuclear transcription factor activator protein, AP-1, which controls the transcription of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), is expressed and activated. MMP-1 is a major metalloproteinases for collagen degradation. This entire process is aided by the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that inhibits protein-tyrosine phosphatases via oxidation, thereby resulting in the up-regulation of the above mentioned receptors. Another transcription factor NF-κB, which is also activated by UV light, also increases the expression of MMP-9.

The up-regulation of MMP can occur even after minimal exposure to UV, hence, exposure to UV radiation which is inadequate to cause sunburn can thus facilitate the degradation of skin collagen and lead to presumably, eventual photoaging. Thus, collagen production is reduced in photoaged skin due to the process of constant degradation of collagen mediated by MMPs.

In addition, the presence of damaged collagen would also down-regulate the synthesis of new collagen. The impaired spreading and attachment of fibroblasts onto degraded collagen could be one of the contributing factors to the inhibition of collagen synthesis.

UV and retinoic acids and photodamage

Retinoic acid (RA) is essential for normal epithelial growth and differentiation as well as for maintenance of normal skin homeostasis. UV radiation decreases the expression of both retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) in human skin, thereby resulting in a complete loss of the induction of RA-responsive genes. It also would lead to an increase in activity of AP-1 pathway, increasing MMP activity and thus also resulting in a functional deficiency of vitamin A in the skin.
Signs, symptoms and histopathology

The early symptoms of photoaging includes the following:

    Dyspigmentation and the formation of wrinkles around regions of skin commonly exposed to sun, namely the eyes, mouth and forehead.
    Spider veins on face and neck
    Loss of color and fullness in lips

Symptoms of photoaging attributed to prolonged exposure to UV

    Wrinkles deepen and forehead frown lines can be seen even when not frowning.
    Telangiectasias most commonly seen around the nose, cheeks and chin.
    Skin becomes leathery and laxity occurs.
    Solar Lentigines (age spots) appears on the face and hands.
    Possibly pre-cancerous red and scaly spots (actinic keratoses) appear.
    Cutaneous malignancies

In addition to the above symptoms, photoaging could also result in an orderly maturation of keratinocytes and an increased in the cell population of the dermis where abundant; hyperplastic, elongated and collapsed fibroblasts and inflammatory infiltrates are found.

Photodamage could also be characterized as the disorganization of collagen fibrils which constitute most of the connective tissue and the accumulation of abnormal, amorphous, elastin-containing material.
Endogenous defense mechanism against UV radiation

The endogenous defense mechanisms provide protection of the skin from damages induced by UV.

Epidermal thickness

UV exposure which would lead to an increase in epidermal thickness could help protect from further UV damage.

Pigment

It has been reported in many cases that fairer individuals who have lesser melanin pigment show more dermal DNA photodamage, infiltrating neutrophils, keratinocyte activation, IL-10 expression and increased MMPs after UV exposure. Therefore, the distribution of melanin provides protection from sunburn, photoaging, and carcinogenesis by absorbing and scattering UV rays.

Repair of DNA mutation and apoptosis

The damage of DNA due to exposure of UV rays will lead to expression of p53, thereby leading to eventual arrest of the cell cycle. This allows DNA repair mediated by endogenous mechanisms like the nucleotide excision repair system. In addition, apoptosis occurs if the damage is too severe. However, the apoptotic mechanisms decline with age and if neither DNA repair mechanism nor apoptosis occurs, cutaneous tumorigenesis may result.

Tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs)

TIMPs regulate the activity of MMP. UV rays have been shown in many studies that it would induce TIMP-1.

Antioxidants

The skin consists of several antioxidants which include vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, ascorbate, carotenoids, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. These antioxidants provide protection from ROS produced during normal cellular metabolism. However, too much exposure to UV rays could lead to a significant reduction in the antioxidant supply, leading to oxidative stress. Hence, these antioxidants are essential in the skin's defense mechanism against UV radiation and photocarcinogenesis.
Treatment of photoaging

Treatment and intervention for photoaging can be classified into a unique paradigm based on disease prevention.

Primary prevention

Primary prevention aims to reduce the risk factors before a disease or condition occurs. Primary prevention method involves mainly sun protection that comes in many forms like sun avoidance, protective clothing, and sunscreens.

The UV exposure would be the strongest between 10am and 4pm and sun avoidance between this period of time is highly encouraged. If one cannot avoid exposure to the sun, clothing, hats and sunglasses that protects one from sun exposure should be fully utilized. Wide spectrum sun screens that have a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30 should be used when one gets frequent sun exposure.

Secondary protection

Secondary protection refers to early detection of disease, potentially while still asymptomatic, to allow positive interference to prevent, delay or attenuate the symptomatic clinical condition. This includes the following:

    Retinoids e.g. Tretinoin
    Antioxidants e.g. topical vitamin C, oral supplements, CoQ10, Lipoic acid
    Estrogens
    Growth factors and cytokines.

Tertiary prevention

Lastly, tertiary prevention is the treatment of an existing symptomatic disease process to ameliorate its effects or delay its progress. Such tertiary prevention includes the use of chemical peels, resurfacing techniques like micro-dermabrasion, the use of ablative and non-ablative laser systems, radiofrequency technology, the use of exotoxin Botulinum toxins and soft tissue augmentation, also known as fillers.
See also

    Occlusion miliaria
    List of cutaneous conditions

References

    ^ Helfrich, Y. S. (Jun 2008). "Overview of skin aging and photoaging" (PDF). Dermatology nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association 20 (3): 177–183; quiz 183. ISSN 1060-3441. PMID 18649702. edit
    ^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
    ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
    ^ Stefanaki, C.; Stratigos, A.; Katsambas, A. (2005). "Topical retinoids in the treatment of photoaging". Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 4 (2): 130–134. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40215.x. PMID 17166212. edit
    ^ http://www.dermatology.ca/photoaging
    ^ http://911skin.com/uvbubarays.html

External links

    http://www.biotopix.eu/pdf/W8.pdf
    http://www.dermatology.ca/photoaging/
    http://911skin.com/uvbubarays.html
    http://www.skincarephysicians.com/agingskinnet/basicfacts.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoaging

Vitamin C is normally deposited in the skin

ITAMIN C
By Dr. Des Fernandes
Vitamin C
is ascorbic acid and is naturally found in nature, while some animals have the
ability to produce their own vitamin C, human beings do not produce vitamin C themselves
and are totally reliant
on the vitamin C they get in their diets. Vitamin C is a water
-
soluble
vitamin and we do not have large stores of vitamin C in our body. If we don't eat vitamin C
then within about six weeks we develop the signs of deficiency of vitamin C, that is scurvy.
Vitamin C is normally deposited in the skin and is an essential part of the anti
-
oxidant
brigade to protect skin against free radical assault from the atmosphere and from ultra violet
light. Vitamin C plays a very important in converting inactivated vitami
n E back into an
active anti
-
oxidant form of vitamin E. This is probably the reason why vitamin C has such an
important role to play in the protection of cellular membranes even though it is a water
soluble product while cellular membranes are mainly compo
sed of lipid molecules.
Vitamin C is denatured in the skin by exposure to blue light and also to ultra violet light in
the group A. As with vitamin A we probably develop a chronic deficiency of vitamin C in all
the areas of skin that are exposed to sunlig
ht. Vitamin C does not seem to have any activity
on DNA itself, but certainly does work on various enzymes in the body. Therefore vitamin C
has both an anti
-
oxidant activity and a metabolic activity.
Vitamin C in photoageing:
Vitamin C plays a potent rol
e in diminishing the effects of free radical damage and in this
role can be quite effective as a protectant from ultra violet light damage. The advantage of
vitamin C over a sunscreen is that vitamin C can be absorbed into the cells and is generally
still
present about 30
-
36 hours after it has been applied topically to the skin. It will, therefore,
still give sun protection even though the subject may have washed their skin or gone
swimming. As a result of this we can expect that vitamin C can slow down pho
toageing.
Wrinkles:
Vitamin C plays an essential part in the incorporation of proline into collagen and is also
involved in the formation of elastin. With a deficiency of vitamin C impaired collagen is
created and the skin can become more wrinkled. The re
placement of vitamin C boosts the
manufacture collagen and so wrinkles can become less noticeable after using vitamin C.
Pigmentation:
Vitamin C effects pigmentation in two ways: The creation of melanin is
an oxidative process
and so a powerful antioxidant like vitamin C could counteract the oxidative process required
to create melanin. Ascorbic acid also has a role to play as an inhibitor tyrosinase. Tyrosinase
is essential for the formation of melanin, so
if it is inhibited then the action of pigmentation is
reduced.
The use of vitamin C in scarring:
The use of vitamin C for scarring of the skin is a recent discovery. In this case the vitamin C
has to be delivered in high dosage to the skin and as a result
of that more collagen will be
formed and normal collagen that is often found tethering scars will be replaced with normal
collagen and the scars will fill up to a degree and become less noticeable. This process seems
to be best effected with the use of io
ntophoresis. Enclosed is a photograph to show the
numerous effects of vitamin C when iontophoresed onto a patient with severe chicken pox
scars. You will notice that after a period of 24 treatments of iontophoresis of vitamin C the
skin looks smoother, the
pigmentation has been reduced and the scars are flatter.
The role of the beauty therapist in the preparation of the patient for laser resurfacing of
the skin:
Laser resurfacing of the skin is a destructive procedure of the epidermis of the skin and is
be
st likened to a superficial burn of the skin. In most cases the whole of the epidermis and the
rete pegs are destroyed and the skin has to heal from remnants of epidermal cells found in the
hair follicles and the sweat glands. In a superficial burn of the
face which has very many hair
follicles and sweat glands, the healing phase can take about five to seven days.
Bearing this in mind the beauty therapist should prepare her client for the laser by getting the
skin into its optimum health. To do this one ha
s to make sure that the vitamin status of the
skin is kept up in its healthiest condition and daily applications of vitamin A and C, together
with the antioxidant vitamins E and beta
-
carotene should be done. One should try and reduce
excessive horny layer
or rough skin prior to the laser treatment. If the laser treatment is
planned in several months and the patient has rough skin then it is worthwhile to do some
ultra light peeling on the skin simply to reduce the amount of the horny layer. This may be
done
with the daily use of an alpha hydroxy acid. The one that I favour most would be lactic
acid, and then periodic ultra light peeling done once a week with a low dose alpha hydroxy
acid.
The skin care therapist can influence the keratinocytes so that they
will grow faster and heal
the wound much sooner. The best way to do this is to prepare the skin with vitamin A, which
increases the rate of keratinocyte duplication. This effect would be boosted by the use of
alpha hydroxy acids, which would also stimulate
keratinocyte growth in the early phases. The
client has to be carefully trained in sun protection strategies, because once the skin has been
treated with laser, then it will be significantly more sun sensitive. The reason for the sun
sensitivity is the ve
ry thin horny layer that will persist for several months and also the fact
that the epidermis is very much thinner than it used to be. The client should be instructed in
the use of a proper protective hat and, if necessary, the use of sun protection creams
.
On the point of sun protection creams it is probably wiser not to rely on a cream with a SPF
ratio of higher than about 16
-
20. The reason for this is that one needs to reduce the exposure
of the skin to inorganic sunscreen chemicals as much as possible.
In this regard it is wiser to
use a product which has a major component of inorganic sunscreen chemicals. The additional
advantage of these reflective sunscreens is that they may further reduce the clients' chances of
getting increased pigmentation follow
ing laser treatment. The most perfect sunscreen product
would also contain antioxidant vitamins beta
-
carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C as well as the
soothing antioxidant pro
-
vitamin B5.
If the client has acne and is being treated with laser treatments for a
cne scars, then it is a wise
idea to reduce the status of the acne. This should be done with the daily use of low dose
vitamin A which is ideally combined with Australian Tea Tree Oil to reduce chances of acne
development. The combination with benzoyl benz
oate is also important. Please remember to
use the benzoyl benzoate in the morning and the vitamin A rather at night. If necessary
peeling should be done to control the acne and I recommend light, but frequent peeling, till
the acne condition is stabilised
. In acne patients I would the use of high dose vitamin C.
However, low dose vitamin C combined with the antioxidants, beta
-
carotene, vitamin E are
safe for skin. I do not recommend the use of hydroquinone, though it is generally used by all
doctors doing
laser treatments.


http://www.dermaconcepts.com/documents/0000/0075/VITAMIN_C.pdf

Wednesday, July 24, 2013

Germans are the most mixed people in Europe


Ancient Greeks were not blonde. Ancient Romans were not blonde. Ancient Persians never saw blondes. Dont spread false propaganda. The Germans were once blonde. Today they are the most mixed people in Europe, because they live in a transit country. Blue eyes developed near Greece. Its normal to lose them over the time.
· 응답 대상: Dytko88 (댓글 표시)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3-393wIizE&lc=2crdr5jXMOOzx5g-jGrpTlAKAdC9rSUo0KbxTOSnQQA 

Tuesday, July 23, 2013

운동을 강하게 하면 성장호르몬이 분비가 많아진다

매튜이펙트님   
    운동을 강하게 하면 성장호르몬이 분비가 많아진다, 하지만 강하게 길게 하면 몸은 망가진다
    그래서 운동을 짧고 강하게 하고
    적절한 휴식으로 건강을 도모할수 있다!
    운동은 짧고 강하게


http://media.daum.net/life/health/wellness/newsview?rMode=list&cSortKey=depth&allComment=T&newsId=20130723112215692

아침에 일어나서 해를 본 뒤 15시간이 지나면 뇌에서 수면호르몬인 멜라토닌이 분비

NEW ANTI-AGING

HORMONE

당신의 호르몬은 안녕하십니까?

아무리 잠을 자도 피곤이 가시지 않고 이유 없이 찾아오는 두통과 피부 트러블, 스트레스를 숙명처럼 받아들이며 살아가는 현대인들. 만병의 근원을 찾아 거슬러 올라가보면 이런 증상은 호르몬의 불균형에서 온다는 사실.

호르몬은 심포니를 연주하는 오케스트라처럼 끈끈하게 연결되어 있어 하나만 밸런스가 깨져도 몸의 이상을 불러오기 때문에 일상에서의 관리가 무엇보다 중요하다. 쉽게 지나쳤던 호르몬이 당신의 건강은 물론 젊음까지 빼앗아가고 있으니, 7살 어려지고 싶다면 지금 당장 호르몬부터 관리하라.

Q & A 신체 나이를 갉아먹는 숨은 호르몬을 밝혀라!

Q 호르몬 감소, 혹은 불균형이 일어나는 이유는 무엇인가요?

나이를 먹을수록 누구나 호르몬을 포함한 전반적인 신체 기능이 떨어집니다. 개인마다 정도의 차이는 있지만, 만약 남들보다 급속도로 진행된다면 호르몬 주사를 통해 보충할 수 있지요. 특히 현대인들은 잘못된 생활습관으로 인해 일시적인 호르몬 불균형이 일어나는 경우가 대부분입니다.

스트레스, 잘못된 식습관, 과로, 수면 부족, 긴장 상태 등이 오래 지속되면 호르몬의 변화가 쉽게 일어나는 것이지요. 이것이 반복되거나 오래 지속되면 질병으로 이어질 수 있으니 전반적으로 호르몬 밸런스를 맞춰주는 것이 중요합니다.

Q 호르몬에 이상이 생기면 어떤 현상들이 생기나요?

호르몬은 하나가 부족하면 다른 모든 호르몬에 영향을 주어 쉽게 밸런스가 깨집니다. 성장호르몬이 감소하면 콜라겐 생성이 저하돼 피부에 노화가 오고, 스트레스 호르몬을 증가시켜 살이 찌고 피부 트러블이 생기지요.

또 성장호르몬은 갑상선호르몬도 조절하고 있어 갑상선호르몬이 결핍되면 몸에 힘이 없어지고 체온이 떨어지는 등의 이상이 생깁니다.

Q 안티에이징 효과로 주목받고 있는 성장호르몬이 궁금합니다.

성장호르몬은 성장기까지는 성장을 하는 데 사용되지만, 성장기가 끝나면 점점 줄어들면서 노화를 부릅니다. 여성호르몬, 갑상선호르몬, 멜라토닌, 스트레스 호르몬 등과 유기적인 연결고리를 가지고 있어 성장호르몬이 부족하면 근육량은 줄고, 두뇌 활동이 저하되면서 심장과 내장 기능 모두 약해지지요.

자연스럽게 피부 탄력도 줄어들고 주름도 급격하게 늘어나게 됩니다. 따라서 성장호르몬을 안티에이징, 즉 항노화 치료와도 연결지어 말하는 것이지요.

Q 아침에 일어나면 베개 자국이 그대로 남는 등 피부 회복이 더뎌지고 있어요. 평소에는 괜찮다가도 스트레스를 받으면 즉각적으로 피부 트러블이 생기거나 피부 톤이 칙칙해지기도 합니다.

과도한 스트레스, 수면 부족, 영양 불균형 상태가 되면 우리 몸은 긴장 상태로 돌입되어 자극 호르몬을 분비합니다. 이는 혈액과 림프순환에 장애를 일으켜 노폐물을 배설하지 못하고 세포 재생도 늦추게 만들지요. 결국에는 피부 면역력까지 떨어져 여드름을 비롯한 피부 트러블이 쉽게 생기는 것입니다.

이렇게 호르몬에 이상이 생기면 몸은 극도의 전투 상태가 되어 햇빛의 방어기전인 멜라닌 색소를 미리 얼굴에 깔아버리는데, 이 때문에 햇빛에 노출되지 않아도 밤새 피부 톤이 어두워지지요.

Q 호르몬의 불균형은 피부뿐 아니라 몸까지 망가뜨린다고 하던데, 나이가 들수록 쉽게 살이 찌고 잘 빠지지 않는 것도 관련 있나요?

과도한 긴장 상태는 신체 스트레스와 연관되는데, 예를 들어 과도한 다이어트로 영양이 부족해지거나 공복 시간이 길어지면 스트레스 호르몬이 증가하고 쉽게 지방이 축적됩니다.

즉, 컨디션이 나쁘면 자극 호르몬이 분비되어 몸을 긴장 상태로 만들고 이는 위장운동까지 방해하는 것이지요. 따라서 스트레스에 대항하기 위해 몸은 지방을 쓰지 않고 차곡차곡 쌓아두게 됩니다.

SOLUTION 호르몬, 생활 패턴부터 바꿔라

매일 비타민과 미네랄을 보충하라

매일 아침 비타민과 미네랄의 섭취는 우리 몸을 최적의 상태로 만든다. 만일 비타민이나 미네랄의 불균형이 온다면 그 스트레스 때문에 호르몬이 증가하면서 신진대사는 저하되고 피로감이 쌓인다.

스트레스를 받으면 비타민과 미네랄이 쉽게 고갈되기 때문에 꾸준히 영양제 형태로 챙겨 먹을 것. 아무리 몸에 좋다고 해도 넘치면 문제! 자신의 몸 상태를 체크하는 것이 먼저다.

소식하며 하루 세끼를 골고루 먹어라

과식은 신진대사를 저하시키며 비만의 원인이 되지만 그렇다고 무조건 굶는 것도 정답은 아니다. 다이어트로 인한 공복 시간이 길어지면 스트레스 호르몬이 증가되기 때문이다. 호르몬 분비의 적신호를 예방하기 위해서는 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방을 하루 세끼 골고루 챙겨 먹어야 한다. 콩이나 생선 등 양질의 단백질을 꾸준히 섭취할 것.

심지어 수입산 재료들이 늘어나면서 방부제나 첨가물 때문에 영양의 질은 더욱 떨어지고 있다. 따라서 면역 체계가 무너지고 호르몬의 밸런스가 깨지는 것. 결국 호르몬의 밸런스를 위해 유기농 재료를 택해 영양소를 골고루 섭취하는 것이 중요하다.

30대여! 뱃살 운동을 시작하라

복부 운동만 해도 호르몬 밸런스를 맞추는 것에 한 발 다가선 것이다. 지방은 신진대사를 저하시키고 호르몬의 분비를 억제해 우리 몸을 둔하게 만든다. 복부 지방을 줄이기 위해서는 조깅, 에어로빅, 줄넘기 등처럼 유산소운동을 꾸준히 할 것. 매일 규칙적으로 운동만 해도 1년은 젊어진다.

호르몬의 균형을 깨뜨리는 술자리는 피하라

과음한 다음 날 얼굴이 푸석해지고 각질이 일어나는 이유는 알코올이 소변으로 빠져나가면서 몸속 수분도 함께 배출되기 때문이다. 알코올은 비타민과 미네랄을 파괴해 피부 노화를 촉진하며 혈액순환을 방해해 눈이나 얼굴을 붓게 한다.

몸속에서 알코올 분해가 일어나는 동안에는 뇌가 숙면할 수 없을뿐더러 부신피질호르몬이 과다 분비되어 여드름이나 뾰루지 등의 피부 트러블이 발생하는 것.

수면 습관을 바꿔 호르몬의 적신호를 예방하라

잠을 잘 자지 못하면 호르몬의 분비가 억제된다. 원활한 호르몬 분비를 위해서는 하루에 6시간 이상 숙면을 취하며 일정 시간에 자는 것이 좋다. 아침에 일찍 일어나는 사람이 일찍 잘 수 있다.

아침에 일어나서 해를 본 뒤 15시간이 지나면 뇌에서 수면호르몬인 멜라토닌이 분비되어 잠이 온다. 오후 3시 이전에 1시간 정도 산책하는 것도 큰 도움이 된다. 휴일이라고 늦게 자고 늦게 일어나기보다는 평상시와 같은 수면 습관을 유지해야 한다.


http://media.daum.net/life/health/wellness/newsview?newsId=20130723112215692

Tuesday, July 16, 2013

Celts descended from Spanish fishermen, study finds

Don't tell the locals, but the hordes of British holidaymakers who visited Spain this summer were, in fact, returning to their ancestral home.
A team from Oxford University has discovered that the Celts, Britain's indigenous people, are descended from a tribe of Iberian fishermen who crossed the Bay of Biscay 6,000 years ago. DNA analysis reveals they have an almost identical genetic "fingerprint" to the inhabitants of coastal regions of Spain, whose own ancestors migrated north between 4,000 and 5,000BC.
The discovery, by Bryan Sykes, professor of human genetics at Oxford University, will herald a change in scientific understanding of Britishness.
People of Celtic ancestry were thought to have descended from tribes of central Europe. Professor Sykes, who is soon to publish the first DNA map of the British Isles, said: "About 6,000 years ago Iberians developed ocean-going boats that enabled them to push up the Channel. Before they arrived, there were some human inhabitants of Britain but only a few thousand in number. These people were later subsumed into a larger Celtic tribe... The majority of people in the British Isles are actually descended from the Spanish."
Professor Sykes spent five years taking DNA samples from 10,000 volunteers in Britain and Ireland, in an effort to produce a map of our genetic roots.
Research on their "Y" chromosome, which subjects inherit from their fathers, revealed that all but a tiny percentage of the volunteers were originally descended from one of six clans who arrived in the UK in several waves of immigration prior to the Norman conquest.
The most common genetic fingerprint belongs to the Celtic clan, which Professor Sykes has called "Oisin". After that, the next most widespread originally belonged to tribes of Danish and Norse Vikings. Small numbers of today's Britons are also descended from north African, Middle Eastern and Roman clans.
These DNA "fingerprints" have enabled Professor Sykes to create the first genetic maps of the British Isles, which are analysed in Blood of the Isles, a book published this week. The maps show that Celts are most dominant in areas of Ireland, Scotland and Wales. But, contrary to popular myth, the Celtic clan is also strongly represented elsewhere in the British Isles.
"Although Celtic countries have previously thought of themselves as being genetically different from the English, this is emphatically not the case," Professor Sykes said.
"This is significant, because the idea of a separate Celtic race is deeply ingrained in our political structure, and has historically been very divisive. Culturally, the view of a separate race holds water. But from a genetic point of view, Britain is emphatically not a divided nation."
Origins of Britons
Oisin
Descended from Iberian fishermen who migrated to Britain between 4,000 and 5,000BC and now considered the UK's indigenous inhabitants.
Wodan
Second most common clan arrived from Denmark during Viking invasions in the 9th century.
Sigurd
Descended from Viking invaders who settled in the British Isles from AD 793. One of the most common clans in the Shetland Isles, and areas of north and west Scotland.
Eshu
The wave of Oisin immigration was joined by the Eshu clan, which has roots in Africa. Eshu descendants are primarily found in coastal areas.
Re
A second wave of arrivals which came from the Middle East. The Re were farmers who spread westwards across Europe.
Roman
Although the Romans ruled from AD 43 until 410, they left a tiny genetic footprint. For the first 200 years occupying forces were forbidden from marrying locally.


 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/celts-descended-from-spanish-fishermen-study-finds-416727.html

Romans described Gauls as having blonde hair

Forum Member

Brennus Dux Gallorum's Avatar

Join Date: Feb 2011
Location: Hellas
Posts: 945
Brennus Dux Gallorum is a jewel in the roughBrennus Dux Gallorum is a jewel in the roughBrennus Dux Gallorum is a jewel in the rough
Default Re: Did the Celt-Iberians resemble the blonde,blue-eyed Gauls?

Blonde, blue-eyed gauls??

LOL In 2011 there are still people that believe gauls were blonde.Romans and Greeks described them as blondes because romans and greeks had darker hair compare to them, but this doesn't mean they were blonde (moreover it has been proved that both greeks and romans used the word blonde to describe everyone with lighter hair than dark brown, in other words light brown hair were described by them as blonde too.)

As most of us know today, celts, and especially gauls, helvetii, belgae etc. were mostly brunnete, with strong blonde/red haired elements, and few black haired, but after all the majority were brunnetes.the only celtic nation with significant percentage of light hair are scots and the reason is the medieval scandinavian invasions.Celts linguisticly belonged to the italoceltic subgroup of southern IE subgroup of IE linguistic group.Their culture also was a little closer to roman world than to northern IE subgroup (germanics and balto-slavs) (for example they used to live in houses)

Anyway hair color doesn't matter, cause the percentages were different among tribes,The most important common thing in all gauls were their skull.So from what i have read to to this day about gauls,this:


http://www.stormfront.org/forum/t632059-2/

Spaniards are celts


I read at the National Geographic Historia magazine that the celtic word for beer was cervisia, like the Spanish cerveza and the Portuguese cerveja. Beer is a germanic name. A good evidence of the celtic heritage in Iberia.

http://www.stormfront.org/forum/t632059/

French people are dark


Soldier of Hispania's Avatar

Join Date: Sep 2006
Location: Galicia, Spain
Posts: 1,953
Soldier of Hispania is a jewel in the roughSoldier of Hispania is a jewel in the roughSoldier of Hispania is a jewel in the roughSoldier of Hispania is a jewel in the rough
Default Re: Did the Celt-Iberians resemble the blonde,blue-eyed Gauls?

I have visited France several times and I see people there very similar to those in Spain. Few blonde blue eyed in both cases. Brown hair and blue eyes are slightly more common, but also a minority. If celts were blonde, they were certainly a minority here and there. In my opinion, they were generally brown haired and some of them blue eyed and some not.
__________________
I think this is a good moment to reconquer Constantinople:)
 
 
http://www.stormfront.org/forum/t632059/

Romans were originally from Greeks

According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, many Roman historians (including Porcius Cato and Gaius Sempronius) regarded the origins of the Romans (descendants of the Aborigines) as Greek despite the fact that their knowledge was derived from Greek legendary accounts.[13] The Sabines, specifically, were first mentioned in Dionysius's account for having captured by surprise the city of Lista which was regarded as the mother-city of the Aborigines.[14]


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Rome

Saturday, July 13, 2013

미국의 범죄율

남북 이탈리아가 사이가 않좋은 이유

이 름         대붕조회수4959.22.***.***       
2013-07-12 17:37:47
제 목         남북 이탈리아가 사이가 않좋은 이유 트위터 미투데이 페이스북 싸이월드 C로그
   




우선 이탈리아는 여러개의 공국이나 교황령등으로 쪼개져서 살아서 쫌 화합이 안되는데 다가

이탈리아가 통일될때 북쪽의 프랑스쪽의 샤르데냐가 중심이 되어서 통일이 되었어, 그때 남쪽은 나폴리나 시칠리아를 중심으로한 양 시칠리아 왕국이 다스리고 있었고, 로마는 따로 세력이 있었어...

이렇게 합쳐지고 난 이후에 오스트리아 합스부르크가 지배하에 있던 동북쪽 이탈리아도 합쳐지게 되는데,

오스트리아 영향력하의 이탈리아나 프랑스와 연관이 많은 이탈리아.. 북쪽 이탈리아는 산업화도 빨리되고 해서 먹고 살만해졌다.
하지만 남쪽 이탈리아 양 시칠리아 왕국은 산업화도 늦고 인구는 많은데 개발이 늦게되어서 못살았다.

그래서 남북 이탈리아 사이에 감정이 골이 깊어진거임...
   

일반적으로 코르티솔은 잠에서 깬 뒤 30분 이내에 분비되지만 에어컨의 영향을 많이 받은 경우 잠에서 깬 뒤 두세 시간 지나야 분비된다


당신이 에어컨 온도를 1도 낮출 때 일어나는 모든 일에 관한 보고서
“지금 당장 에어컨을 꺼라!”


여 름만 되면 전력 위기가 뜨거운 화두로 떠오른다. 특히 올해는 원자력발전 부품 비리로 인해 ‘진짜 전력 대란’이 우려되고 있다. 그런데 왜 유독 여름에만 전력이 부족할까? 많은 사람들이 떠올리는 그것, 바로 ‘에어컨’ 때문이다. 에어컨이 몸에, 환경에 좋다고 생각하는 사람은 별로 없을 것이다. ‘더우니까 할 수 없이’ 켜게 되는 에어컨이지만, 에어컨을 틀면 우리가 생각하는 것보다 훨씬 심각한 일들이 일어날 수 있다. 『여름전쟁 : 우리가 몰랐던 에어컨의 진실』은 이렇듯 우리가 당연하게 사용하는 에어컨에 관해 전면적으로 검토하고 비판하는 책이다.

전작 『녹색성장의 유혹』으로 알려진 저자 스탠 콕스는 3년 넘게 에어컨에 관련된 방대한 자료를 집대성하고 꼼꼼하게 분석했다. 저자는 우리나라보다 훨씬 더운 미국 캔자스 주와 인도 남부에 주로 살면서도 에어컨 바람에 의존하지 않는데, 대단한 환경운동가라서가 아니라 그저 에어컨 없는 생활이 더 좋기 때문이라고 한다. “단순히 에어컨을 비판하는 것을 넘어서, 급격한 변화를 이끌어낼 생태적·경제적 힘을 가진 여러 사상들을 한데 모아 보여줘야겠다”는 생각을 집필을 시작한 만큼 역사, 건강, 환경, 에너지 등 다양한 분야를 망라한다. 나아가 에어컨을 대체할 수 있는 실현 가능한 여러 대안을 제시하여, 이 책을 읽어나가다 보면 자연스레 온도 조절 체계와 기후의 관계, 환경과 에너지 문제 등에 식견을 갖추게 될 것이다.올여름, 더위와 에너지를 둘러싼 거대한 전쟁이 벌어진다!
에어컨 없이 여름을 시원하게 보낼 방법은 없는 것일까?


또 다시 시작됐다. 언젠가부터 여름만 되면 전력 위기가 뜨거운 화두다. 특히 올해(2013년)는 원자력발전 부품 비리로 인해 ‘진짜 전력 대란’이 우려되고 있다. 그런데 왜 유독 여름에만 전력이 부족할까? 이 물음에 많은 사람들은 이것을 가장 먼저 떠올리지 않을까 싶다. 바로 ‘에어컨’. 에어컨이 몸에, 환경에 좋다고 생각하는 사람은 별로 없을 것이다. ‘더우니까 할 수 없이’ 켜게 되는 에어컨. 그러나 에어컨을 틀면 우리가 생각하는 것보다 훨씬 심각한 일들이 일어날 수 있다. 『여름전쟁 : 우리가 몰랐던 에어컨의 진실』은 이렇듯 우리가 당연하게 사용하는 에어컨에 관해 전면적으로 검토하고 비판하는 책이다.

당신이 에어컨 온도를 1도 낮출 때 일어나는 모든 일에 관한 보고서
― 『녹색성장의 유혹』의 저자 스탠 콕스가 파헤치는 냉방의 모든 것


요 즈음 “봄가을이 없다”는 말을 많이 한다. 봄은 온데간데없고 겨울에서 여름으로 직행하는 느낌이다. 그만큼 여름과 겨울이 길어지고, 더위와 추위가 더 매서워지고 있다. 특히 여름이면 늘 전력난을 겪는다. 에어컨은 그 주요 원인으로 지목된다. 지구온난화의 영향으로 기온이 해마다 높아지고, 그래서 에어컨을 더 강하게 틀고, 그 때문에 더 더워지는 ‘더위의 악순환’이 심각한 에너지 낭비와 환경문제를 불러일으키는 것이다. 정부와 전력회사에서 현재의 전력공급체계로는 여름철 최대전력수요를 감당하기 버겁다며 연일 에어컨 사용 자제를 간절하게 호소하고 요금체계를 강화해 전기 절약을 유도하지만, 시원한 에어컨 바람의 유혹을 뿌리치게 만들기에는 역부족이다. 에어컨은 그야말로 여름날의 구세주다.

전작 『녹색성장의 유혹』으로 알려진 저자 스탠 콕스는 3년 넘게 에어컨에 관련된 방대한 자료를 집대성하고 꼼꼼하게 분석했다. 저자는 우리나라보다 훨씬 더운 미국 캔자스 주와 인도 남부에 주로 살면서도 에어컨 바람에 의존하지 않는데, 대단한 환경운동가라서가 아니라 그저 에어컨 없는 생활이 더 좋기 때문이다. 그리고 “단순히 에어컨을 비판하는 것을 넘어서, 급격한 변화를 이끌어낼 생태적·경제적 힘을 가진 여러 사상들을 한데 모아 보여줘야겠다고 생각”해 집필을 시작했다. 그런 만큼 이 책은 역사, 건강, 환경, 에너지 등 다양한 분야를 망라한다. 또한 에어컨을 대체할 수 있는 실현 가능한 여러 대안을 제시한다. 따라서 이 책을 읽어나가다 보면 자연스레 온도 조절 체계와 기후의 관계, 환경과 에너지 문제 등에 식견을 갖추게 될 것이다.

사무실은 왜 여름에 더 추울까?
냉방된 방에서 자면 아침에 더 일어나기 힘든 이유는?
― 에어컨 바람을 쐴 때 우리의 몸에 무슨 일이 일어나는가


에 어컨을 틀 때 우리가 가장 우려하는 점은 건강 문제다. 즉 더운 바깥과 차가운 실내 사이를 오가는 것이 내 몸에 부작용을 일으키진 않는지, 에어컨 바람 자체는 안전한지 같은 걱정 말이다. 이 책의 6장에서는 인간의 신체에 에어컨이 어떤 영향을 미치는지 집중적으로 파헤치고 있다. 그중 몇 가지만 정리해보자.

ㆍ에어컨을 많이 쐬거나 켜두고 자면 아침에 일어나기 힘들어진다. 부신副腎에서 생산되는 코르티졸이라는 호르몬은 다양한 신체 기능을 수행하는데, 일반적으로 코르티솔은 잠에서 깬 뒤 30분 이내에 분비되지만 에어컨의 영향을 많이 받은 경우 잠에서 깬 뒤 두세 시간 지나야 분비된다. 즉 인체가 큰 폭의 온도 차이와 상대습도 차이를 경험하게 되면 신체 균형이 깨지는 것이다.
ㆍ에어컨 덕분에 작업장의 온도를 필요에 맞게 조절할 수 있게 되었지만 그 온도는 작업에 적합한 온도이지 노동자들의 신체에 적합한 온도가 아니다. 또한 에어컨으로 온도 조절을 하는 실내 공간의 경우 환기가 제대로 이뤄지지 않고, 에어컨 주변에는 세균이 서식하기 쉽다. 그런 건물에서 생활하는 사람들은 에어컨이 유발하는 각종 질병에 노출되기 쉽다.
ㆍ온도 조절이 잘되는 실내에서만 성장한 아이들은 야외활동을 통해 다양한 병원균에 조금씩 노출된 아이들에 비해 면역력이 떨어질 수 있고, 운동 부족으로 비만이 되기도 쉽다. 무엇보다 더위에 노출되는 경우가 줄면서 더위에 적응하는 능력이 현저히 감소하게 된다.

에너지 효율 등급이 높은 가전제품은 정말 전기를 덜 쓰는 걸까?
― 우리가 오해한, 혹은 꼭 알아야 할 에너지 상식들


에어컨은 한 사람의 건강에도 영향을 끼치지만, 에어컨이 유발하는 에너지와 환경 문제는 더 심각하다. 전 세계 인류와 생명체의 생존에 연관되는 문제이기 때문이다. 그래서 이 책은 에어컨과 에너지 간의 관계를 규명하는 것은 물론, 에너지 문제 자체도 심도 있게 다룬다.

ㆍ에어컨을 가동하기 위해서는 막대한 전력이 필요하다. 에어컨 사용이 늘어나 전력수요가 늘어나면 발전소를 추가로 건설해야 한다. 어떤 형태의 발전소든 자원을 고갈시키고 온실가스를 배출해 지구온난화를 가속시킨다. 게다가 원자력발전소는 핵폐기물이라는, 위험한 골칫덩이까지 남긴다.
ㆍ 일반적으로 전자제품의 에너지 효율이 높아지는 만큼 에너지를 덜 쓰게 되리라 여겨진다. 하지만 실제로는 정반대의 결과가 나타난다. 특정 제품의 효율성이 높아져 동일한 시간 동안 사용하는 에너지 양이 줄어들게 되면 사용자가 사용 시간을 더 늘리거나, 해당 제품을 사용하지 않던 사람들에게도 강력한 유인이 되어 에너지 소비가 더 늘어나는 것이다.
ㆍ최근 전기자동차가 각광을 받고 있는데, 전기자동차는 늘어나는 전력수요를 감당하기조차 벅찬 기존의 발전시설에 더 큰 부담만 지우고 말 것이다. 즉 자동차가 직접 화석연료를 태우지 않는 만큼 발전시설에서 화석연료를 더 많이 쓰게 될 것이다.

에어컨 없이도 시원한 여름은 가능하다!
― 전력난과 치솟는 전기요금을 잡고 시원하고 건강하게 여름을 나는 방법


그 럼 어떻게 하면 에어컨 없이 뜨거운 여름을 날 수 있을까? 저자는 이에 대해서도 실현 가능한 다양한 해법을 제시한다. 그 대안 중에는 개인적으로 실천할 수 있는 방법도 있고 정책적으로 추진되어야 할 거시적인 방안도 있다. 따라서 치솟는 전기요금 때문에 에어컨을 틀기 두려운 일반 독자에게 도움이 됨은 물론, 에너지 정책을 수립하고 시행하는 관계자들도 여름 전력 대란을 해소하는 데 많은 도움을 받을 수 있을 것이다. 물론 이런 일들은 사회 전반이 그런 문화를 뒷받침할 수 있을 때 제대로 실현될 수 있을 것이다. 칼이 요리하는 데 없어서는 안 될 요긴한 물건인 것처럼 에어컨도 사람에게 유용한 도구다. 그러나 칼이 살인 도구로 돌변하기도 하듯 에어컨 역시 사람의 건강을 직간접적으로 위협하고 장기적으로는 생태계의 건강을 해치는 무서운 존재로 돌변한다. 에어컨은 더위를 물리쳐주는 아군인 동시에 더위의 원인이 되는 적군이다. 한여름 밤 실내 공기를 시원하게 유지해 편안하게 잠을 청할 수 있게 해주는 에어컨이, 한여름 밤 기승을 부리는 바로 그 열대야를 불러온 원인임을 기억하자. 우리가 에어컨을 현명하게 사용할 때, 점점 더 더워져만 가는 여름을 건강하게 이겨낼 수 있을 것이다.
 
 
 
 http://book.daum.net/detail/book.do?bookid=KOR9788965640752

Wednesday, July 10, 2013

아는 것의 10단계

   <'안다'의 10단계>
 
 1. 들은 적 있다. :  한번 듣고 들어 본 적이 있다고 말하는 단계.
 
 2. 여러 번 들었다  :  여러 번 들어서 자신이 조금 안다고 생각하는 단계.
 
 3. 들은 내용을 대충 말할 수 있다.   - 자세하게는 말하지 못하지만 여렴풋이 알고 있는 단계.
 
 4. 들은 내용을 요약 설명할 수 있다.     - 그 내용을 요약할 수 있을 정도로 알고 있는 단계.
 
 5. 들은 내용을 할 수 있다.(知)     - 아는 내용을 행할 수 있는 단계.
 
 6. 습관적으로 하고 산다.(行)     - 아는 내용이 의식하지 않아도 자연스레 되는 단계.
 
 7. 아는 내용으로 다른 사람을 시킬 수 있다.(用)     - 다른 사람에게 아는 내용을 지시하고 하게 할 수 있는 단계.
 
 8. 그 내용을 '체계적'으로 강의 할 수 있다.(訓)     - 다른 사람에게 체계를 잡아서 강의 할 수 있는 단계.
 
 9. 남의 이야기를 듣고 평가할 수 있다.(評)    - 다른 사람의 이야기를 듣고 그 지식의 바름과 틀림을 알 수 있는 단계.
 
10. 가끔, 갑자기, 자신이 모른다고 느껴진다.(得)     - 그 지식의 광대함을 다시 느끼고 모른다고 느껴지는 단계.

Tuesday, July 9, 2013

Marcus Aurelius is of italian origin

Summary

Marcus Aurelius assumed the throne according to a previously agreed upon succession, at a time of relative peace and prosperity for Rome. Though native to Rome, his family was of Iberian (Spanish) origin; Aurelius himself was a Stoic, and given to deep philosophical thought. With his rise to power, continued security for both the Roman state and society seemed likely. His entire rule, however, was occupied by challenges that would characterize Roman dilemmas for the next two-and-a-half centuries.
Aurelius' first year as emperor (a rule shared with his adopted half-brother Lucius Verus until 169) was appropriate to his mindset of Stoicism. In 161, the Tiber River flooded, the Chatti raided, legions revolted in Britain, and the Parthians of Persia attacked, as they were unsatisfied with disadvantageous borders instituted during the reign of Emperor Hadrian (130s CE). Though the Parthians seized Armenia for a short while, Roman response came in 163-64. An army was sent east under Verus' nominal authority, but with the effective control of general Avidius Cassius. After putting the Syrian legions through rigorous re-training, he captured and burnt the Armenian capital Artaxarta, and defeated the Persians at Dura Europa on the Euphrates. Proceeding down the Tigris, he destroyed Seleucia and Ctesiphon, the latter a Parthian capital (165-6). A raid into Media beyond the Euphrates was the farthest eastern journey by Roman forces to date, and resulted in bringing western Mesopotamia into the fold as a Roman dependency. Aurelius, recognizing the need for strong eastern defenses after this war, gave Cassius supreme command of all forces from Egypt east.
Complete destruction of the Parthian threat was prevented, though. Roman units returning from battle zones brought with them a plague. Thousands of legionnaires died in the field, after which the disease spread to the cities of the Mediterranean basin, becoming "the most destructive plague in Roman history." It lasted nearly fifteen years, with an almost thirty percent mortality rate among victims. It created a manpower shortage not only in civilian sectors such as the economy, but in the military as well.
It was at just this time (165-66) that Germanic tribes began to come over the Danube River into Roman territory. Finding the Roman garrisons depleted due to the Persian campaigns and the Plague, the Germanic Marcomanni and Quadi were even able to move through the Balkans and descend upon northern Italy, reaching Aquileia. Not only raiding and withdrawing now, there were hints that they would try to settle in Roman territories. The ferocity of their attacks was a new phenomenon, and suggested that population build-up in Barbarian areas was pushing them.
Though facing military resource shortages, Marcus Aurelius was resolute in his response. Raising taxes, depleting coinage of silver content, and even selling off some of the crown jewels, he raised the necessary funds without borrowing. He then secured troops from all classes, including slaves and gladiators, and built new fortifications along the front. From 167 on, he fought on a nearly yearly basis on the border districts. After initial Roman losses, the Marcomanni were defeated in 171, while the Quadi were eliminated as a direct threat in 174. The Sarmatians were defeated the next year. Marcus' planned offensive across the Danube was prevented in 175, however, by insurrection. Avidius Cassius, with control over eastern armies, had himself proclaimed emperor based on a rumor of Aurelius' death. Though Marcus Aurelius successfully suppressed the revolt, it was not until 178 that he was able to pursue the Quadi over the Danube into Bohemia. He was planning to advance the Roman border east and north to the Carpathian Mountains and Bohemia when he became ill and died in 180.
Aurelius died with an heir, the first Emperor to do so since Vespasian. Commodius, however, was the opposite of his father. Devoted to enjoyment and life in a fantasy world of self-adoration and athletics, he began his reign by forming a treaty with the Germanic tribes that did not reflect his father's successes. Barbarian prisoners were returned, and Rome agreed to pay a subsidy to the tribes to keep them away. For the next twelve years, Commodius tried to enjoy himself as much as possible. Retiring from public life except for sporting events in which he competed, he allowed courtiers and favorites to run the government. Administration quickly diminished, with bureaucratic offices actually going for sale. In 192, when he tried to appear in public as both a gladiator and a consul, he was killed by members of the Praetorian Guard, the elite Palace guard. The Praetorian Prefect, Laetus, then selected as emperor Helvius Pertinax, who had been a close adviser to M. Aurelius. The Senate accepted the nomination. Pertinax began his reign in a serious tone, rehabilitating depleted royal finances, taking the title princeps as opposed to the more imposing imperator, and insisting on stricter terms of military service. The Praetorians tired of him quickly, though, and murdered him in 193. Beginning a process that only grew in the next decades, the guards chose a successor, who was not universally acclaimed. Various imperial legions proclaimed their own commanding generals as Emperor, and up to four claimants fought out the succession.
Finally, the able general Septimius Severus (r. 193-211) of Pannonia (the Balkans) was acclaimed by his legions and defeated other claimants. Arriving in Rome, he held Pertinax's funeral, and then abolished the Praetorian Guard as a separate, independent force, and now selected his personal guard from out of his own legion troops. From this date, guard service in the palace was no longer reserved to men of Italian birth. After fruitless wars against the Parthians, Septimius ruled from Palmyra (Syria) and Carthage (N. Africa). He and his son Caracalla (211-17) disregarded senatorial prerogatives, and equalized citizenship status of all free men in Roman lands. Army supporters consented to rule of ineffective Severi relatives through to 235.
Major geopolitical changes from the 220s exerted transformative stresses on the Roman system. The Iranian Parthians had maintained an uneasy status quo with Rome in Mesopotamia; in 226, the Sassanid dynasty took over. Reviving ancient Achaemenid territorial claims as far west as Palestine, they ignited constant war in Rome's East. Removal of legions from the Danubian and Rhine borders (limes) to fight the Sassanid threat allowed violent barbarian incursions to begin in the 230s. Beginning with marauding Marcomanni and Alamanni in North-Central Rhineland, by 254 upper Germany fell. By 259 the Franks had occupied Belgium, and from 268 they and Alammani raided unopposed in Gaul for 11 years, interrupting agriculture, city life, and Imperial army supply as far as Iberia (Spain). Alamanni thrusts into N. Italy also occurred. Mauretenian tribal pressure in N. Africa was accompanied by havoc on the Danube limes. Sarmatians and Visigoths (Western Goths) attacked all along the Thracian and Moesian (Balkan) borders during the 250s and 260s, while Ostrogoths (Eastern Goths) advanced from the Crimea to ravage northern Asia Minor, and continued into the Bosphorous region and to the Aegean coast. Farmland was desolated, inland cities shrank, and government income curtailed. Barbarians began to relocate within Roman territory.
Responding to the challenge was a succession of generals of peasant stock from Illyricum and Pannonia (the Balkans and Danube frontier), each elevated by their legions and ruling for a while until assassinated by rival generals. Maximinus Thrace (r. 235-238; of Gothic-Alan background) resisted Sassanid and Marcomanni forces. The child-emperor Gordian III was murdered by the Prefect of the Praetorian Guard (Palace Guard, 244). Valerian (r. 253-260) fought holding actions against the Goths, Quadi, and Sarmatians, and was taken captive in battle against the Sassanids, dying in the East. Gallienus (d. 268) reformed the army, establishing reserves and rapid-reaction cavalry, while Claudius II Gothicus scored major victories against Alamanni and Goths (268- 269). Aurelian (270-75) defeated break-away generals (Postumus and successors) in Gaul and local rulers in Syria, restoring unity to the Imperial core. Probus (276-282) finally secured the Rhine and Danube frontiers, employing armies of barbarian rank-and-file. Carus (283-284) pushed an Eastern offensive to the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon, but was killed, perhaps by lightning. His sons were elevated by prior arrangement to Augustus (emperor) and Caesar (junior emperor). The former was killed, whereupon the important general Diocletian had his troops acclaim him, and then defeated the remaining Caesar to take the throne.

Commentary

While noting some changes within the constitution of the Roman state, a forecaster at the time of M. Aurelius' ascent to the throne would have been justified in predicting continued Imperial peace and prosperity. Marcus was extremely talented, as had been his recent predecessors. A smooth interaction had of late emerged between Emperor and Senate, with the latter still respected, even as the administration and executive powers became larger, more effective, and less needful of the Senators. Peace had been the dominant trend, though offensive wars had increased the treasury due to booty. Thus, taxes had been reduced somewhat. At the same time, laws had been regularized, and after uncertainty during the first-century CE, the method of imperial succession had been tacitly established through Emperors adopting qualified officials as sons. As far as changes in the system, close observers would have noticed a slight broadening of political enfranchisment at the top of society. Provincials with the necessary wealth or education were allowed into the Senate or Imperial service, as Emperors themselves now descended from Italian families that had settled outside of the peninsula. As well, a law proclaiming Latin Rights bestowed a status on not-Italians that edged ever-closer to full citizenship.
In this sense, then, the reign of Marcus Aurelius and its direct aftermath is the dividing point between the Roman zenith and decline. Key trends of fateful significance to later Roman rule emerged during his tenure. These include 1) large scale raiding by a shifting patchwork of Germanic Barbarian tribes as opposed to organized conflict with regular opposing armies; 2) tremendous fiscal challenges and burdensome government measures in order to financially support warfare; 3) military conflict on two frontiers separated by thousands of miles; 4) the emergence of the Palace Guard and field legions as king-makers; 5) destabilization in procedures of Imperial succession; and 5) the widening of the leadership class beyond those who grew up in a thoroughly Latinized milieu. It is thus ironic and sad that Marcus Aurelius was a superlative philosopher, Stoicist, and equitably-minded product of Roman culture, as he spent all of his career on horse-back fighting those who would overwhelm his state and culture three hundred years later.
Beyond Commodius' illustration that second-century emperors could be just as venal and ill-equipped as had been Caligula (r. 37-41) and Nero (r. 54-68), the period commencing with the Severan dynasty (193 CE) and ending with Constantine's death (337 CE) exhibits basic changes in the form of Roman state and society. These changes are essential to an understanding of the last decades of the Roman state in the West, the roots of Byzantium, and the first era of post-Roman Europe.
In political terms, the changes can be best summed up as culminating a process of change from Republic to Principate to Dominate. The ideal of Roman society had always been a republic ruled by a senate that expressed the will of citizens by electing consuls whose tenures were limited. This was an ideal, in that only residents of Italy were counted as citizens, and equality was more between senators and consuls than among the populace as a whole. From the time of Julius Caesar (d. 44 BCE), however, the power of the individual leader had begun to increase in proportion to that of the Roman Senate. Ultimately, Octavian Augustus (r. 27 BCE-13 CE) established a Principate. Theoretically, the Princeps, or Emperor was close to being an equal to the Senate, or primus inter pares (first among equals). He and his successors for at least a century respected the Senate, reserved to it important fiscal, municipal, and appointive functions, and co-opted some of its members into the imperial bureaucracy as well as military roles. In truth, though, the power of the Princeps was beyond challenge, especially with the ascent of war-proven leaders at crucial times, such as Vespasian, Titus, Trajan, and Hadrian (69-120 CE). Still, almost every single emperor was of Italian origin or at least high-born and heavily schooled in Latin culture, and saw himself in such a perspective. The philosopher-king Marcus Aurelius was one of the last of these (r. 161-180 CE).
Contemporaneous with Aurelius, however, Barbarian incursions began along the Rhine and Danube. This opened the way for the ascent of a new kind of general and then emperor, which the Severi embodied. Increasingly non-Latin soldier emperors who proved their mettle on the battlefield, these Emperors have been called variously military emperors, camp-made, or barracks-room emperors. While these men were usually committed to pragmatic problem solving and maintenance of imperial frontiers, rapid and volatile imperial succession wreaked havoc on the Roman body politic. Further, as Balkan peasants, with partially barbarian backgrounds, it cannot be sure that they or their Balkan-German soldiers fully comprehended the Roman ideal they were protecting.
Problems of imperial continuity also point to the major 'Achilles heel' of Roman politics: imperial succession. Beyond hereditary rule, which was disconcerting to the Roman civic tradition, the Romans had never worked out a good system. Even in particularly problematic times though, such as the Year of the Four Emperors (68-69 CE), overall coherence of the imperial system, and persistence of local, senatorial, provincial administration had worked through the difficulties. Now, with foreign military pressures and their economic ramifications, political destabilization mattered much more. From 235-85, more than 20 plausible emperors were acclaimed by their armies. For the first time in generations, Pax-Romana cracked on the Rhine, in Gaul, and along the Danube.
Along with these changes in leadership dynamics were also economic changes, particularly in the provincial, agricultural sector. From the end of the first century, senators and other rural elites started to acquire large landholdings, farmed by hired labor. Called latifundia, these landholdings constituted a change from previously dominant small peasant landholdings in Gaul especially. Not only did this new arrangement cut down on the numbers of owners able to pay taxes, but latifundians often evaded tax obligations. In both cases, Barbarian incursions may have lessened capacity to pay. These changes in socio-economic relations meant that peasants could no longer be the tough citizen-soldier reservoir of the past. Also, aristocrats were no longer the best option for military leadership, since, assuming they were willing to leave their holdings, they could threaten insecure military emperors. Similarly, the town bourgeoisie had grown accustomed to peace and were not ideal soldiers. The military source of preference for the new emperors was either the Balkan peasantry they knew by blood ties, or Germans, to whom some third- century leaders were also connected by birth. Thus began the Germanization of the army proper, seeping eventually into the high command.
This turn of events was problematic, as Barbarian migrations of varying degrees of destructiveness were a dynamic lasting to the end of the Empire. Indeed, by the mid-third century, there was little ethnic difference between Roman armies and the Barbarian forces they fought. Further, continuous conflict, both in the West and against resurgent Persians under the Sassanids, meant that geographically wide-ranging military commitments outstripped military manpower, and sections of impossibly long borders were denuded of soldiers.

http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/rome4/section1.rhtml

Ancient Romans are originally from Greeks

According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, many Roman historians (including Porcius Cato and Gaius Sempronius) regarded the origins of the Romans (descendants of the Aborigines) as Greek despite the fact that their knowledge was derived from Greek legendary accounts.[2] The Sabines, specifically, were first mentioned in Dionysius's account for having captured by surprise the city of Lista, which was regarded as the mother-city of the Aborigines.[3] Ancient historians were still debating the specific origins of the Sabines. Zenodotus of Troezen claimed that the Sabines were originally Umbrians that changed their name after being driven from the Reatine territory by the Pelasgians. However, Porcius Cato argued that the Sabines were a populace named after Sabus, the son of Sancus (a divinity of the area sometimes called Jupiter Fidius).[4] In another account mentioned in Dionysius's work, a group of Lacedaemonians fled Sparta since they regarded the laws of Lycurgus as too severe. In Italy, they founded the Spartan colony of Foronia (near the Pomentine plains) and some from that colony settled among the Sabines. According to the account, the Sabine habits of belligerence (aggressive or warlike behavior) and frugality (prudence in avoiding waste) were known to have derived from the Spartans.[5] Plutarch also states in the Life of Numa Pompilius, "Sabines, who declare themselves to be a colony of the Lacedaemonians..."


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabines

Saturday, July 6, 2013

the bust of Julius Caesar is fake

The face of Julius Caesar? Come off it!

Bustcaesar_2 What do you do if you are an archaeologist and you find a nice Roman portrait bust in the bottom of a river?
The answer is simple. You go through every book of Roman portraits and coins until you find some famous figure in Roman history who looks vaguely likely your man. It is laborious and time-consuming. But the principles are simple – it’s like a game of snap.
Why bother? Because almost every newspaper in the western world will be interested in your find if you say confidently that it is Cleopatra or Nero or Julius Caesar (and even more interested if you say that this is the earliest statue or the only one really taken from life – which is also a useful cover-up for the fact that your statue doesn’t look quite like all the others supposed to represent the famous figure).
However beautiful or important your find, no newspaper will be searching you out, if you have only found Marcus Cornelius Nonentito.
There’s a long tradition to this game. Heinrich Schliemann tried to convince the world that he had gazed upon the face of Agamemnon. Almost every local archaeological society in England was certain that the tiny little Roman villa they were digging up was actually the governor’s residence – and they labelled the plans accordingly, “Governor’s wife’s bedroom” and so on.
Now we have the story of the only surviving statue of Julius Caesar to be sculpted from life dragged out of the river at Arles. Right? And it’s even convinced the excellent Charles Bremner.
Juliuscaesarcoin1aThis sculpture is, I should say, a very nice piece of work – and looks remarkably good for something that has been at the bottom of the Rhone for a couple of thousand years. There is, I suppose, a remote possibility that it does represent Julius Caesar, but no particular reason at all to think that it does – still less to think that it was done from life. (How do you compare something less than a centimetre with a bust of the better part of a metre?)
The game of art-historical snap is a risky business, and honestly you could find hundreds of Romans who, with the eye of faith, look pretty much like this. Besides – despite all you get told about the style of the portrait pinning it down to a few years – this style of portraiture lasted for centuries at Rome. There is nothing at all to suggest that it came from 49-46 BC.
The desperate archaeologist in this case has, of course, found a nice reason for imagining how a made-from-life portrait of Julius Caesar might have ended up at the bottom of the Rhone. It was chucked there after Caesar had been assassinated and so had fallen from favour.
Has he forgotten that that was the very moment when Caesar was turned into a god?
Well, he might respond, the burghers of southern France took a dim view of such flummery. Ok, so why did they throw that nice statue of Neptune, apparently found in the same haul, into the river too?
I’m afraid it’s “start again” time on the explanations for this one.

Comments

Eileen said...
and how do we even know that it wasnt thrown into the river 'yesterday'? the handling of the nasal-labial folds doesn't look very Roman to me. I read the article link. If a student used that sort of reasoning in an essay we all know what sort of grade he/she would receive !
rogueclassicist said...
the more i look at it, the more it actually looks like george bush than julius caesar ...
DAVID VINTER said...
Looks like Johnny Ball to me!
Irene said...
He looks more like Claudius to me.
;-)
William McCain said...
I couldn't agree more. The minute I saw this story hit the 'net a couple days ago, I asked myself "Huh?"
This bust doesn't resemble any others associated with ol' Julius. And while it's true that none of the other busts can be said with certainty to have been sculpted during his lifetime, there's a remarkable consistency they all share: long face, receding hairline, aquiline nose, etc. This guy? None of the above.
How did they draw their conclusions? Was the name "Julius Caesar" inscribed on the bust? Was it next or attached to any other artifact that could be narrowed down to the supposed date?
The way the news articles all jumped on this and state "Caesar's Bust" unquestioningly or unequivocally is a real head-shaker. I realize that journalists aren't historians, but they shouldn't be so quick to rush something to print without taking a deep breath and asking a few more questions. And that's all I've got to say about that!
Mary said...
Eileen. Exactly. Now I dont know the full excavation history, so there MAY be reasons for thinking it ended up in the Rhone a very long time ago...but it is always hard knowing exatly when something entered a river.
kath said...
As you say, it's not a new phenomenon and I can't help thinking "I have gazed upon the face of Agamemnon" was a rather good line. Back in the 18th century, Alexander Pope, in his "Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot" was satirising wealthy collectors typified by Bufo, in whose library "a true Pindar stood without a head." Do you think (or know whether) Romans collected Greek statues of dodgy authenticity?
doggerel said...
Fabulous pictures, Mary. Worth a thousand words...
But why did people throw statues into rivers? They wouldn't just roll there, would they.
I think I might have just buried one in the garden, hoping to make some money after a regime change.
The Hadrian head we're going to see at the British Museum later this year was found in the Thames I believe.
Francis Prior has some interesting ideas about water being a threshold between life and death, anyone able to shed any more light?
Ed in USA said...
Mary;
I don't think it is a 'portrait bust' either. It looks more like the separate carved head meant to be attached to a full-length statue.
Ed in Alexandria (in the USA, that is)
Mary said...
Ed you are absolutely right. I was being very sloppy. And to be fair (?) to the excavator, he does I think imagine it being tossed in the river AFTER being bashed off a full length sculpture.
RichardH said...
To William McCain:
They all get their information from Associated Press these days and have neither the time nor, apparently, the inclination to check their facts - at least according to a fairly recent article in the London Review of Books that I cannot now find.
To Eileen:
Agreed about the naso-labial folds, but they do appear to be replicated on the coin.
Eugene said...
Well, but it does certainly make for some rather pleasant coincidence – sive casu sive consilio deorum immortalium -- as I precisely, just now, happen to find myself translating most of his work for a University course. There, all of a sudden, out of the waters of time and the virtual ink of the Times, is the man’s face urging me on. Oh, why not?
Joan Arles said...
I think you are being a little unfair to "the excellent Charles Bremner", Mary. He did not say that he was convinced. He was just reporting the French claims, along with most of the other media today... Anyway, I live near Arles and it looks like old Jules to me.
Gina said...
Looks like Sid James to me....maybe it's really Mark Anthony?
Joan Arles said...
And further to my earlier comment here, I see that Le Monde has published the statue as its front page picture today with the headline: Julius Caesar emerges from the Rhone.
I think some of your academic commentators are confusing scholarship with journalism. A reputed expert plus a French Culture Minister announce the finding of a likely bust of Julius Caesar. That makes news, especially since the bust is so unusual. If the media waited for everything to be authenticated in the good course of time, we would have very empty media.
Alan Myers said...
The head of Hadrian was on display in February-March at the fine Tullie House Museum in Carlisle, and has now travelled the length of the Wall to the fort and baths at Segedunum (Wallsend) just past Newcastle. It will be there until June.
This is the first time the head has left London since being found in the Thames.
George W said...
It is obviously George Bush! I think someone Gallic is trying to make a political point with this fake bust.
Liz Marlowe said...
It's the closeness and beadiness of his eyes that make him resemble George Bush, features he shares with the Tivoli General. I disagree with the suggestion that it was meant for insertion into a statue-body. There is too much shoulder and chest for that. Insertable heads have only a neck.
RichardH said...
SW FOSKA: Very many thanks. It made interesting reading!
Josephine said...
Bremner's articles says that the statue's date and identity has been "authenticated"; all the headlines announce this as the true face of JC. One researcher claimed he recognized it as JC "as soon as I saw it." Can anyone offer links to some REAL information?
Tom Putnam said...
I'm glad they have finally found a bust of
Marcus Cornelius Nonentito.
Irene said...
I wonder how they "authenticated" the date that narrowly confined.
Liz Marlowe said...
Re: the suggestions that this is a forgery:
1) the resemblance to GWB is, alas, not a reason to damn the work, since there is good precedent for these features (Tivoli General).
2) What exactly is the problem w the handling of the naso-labial lines? They look to me like many other republican examples. Perhaps their doubling here is unusual, but an unusual stylistic feature is, as we all know, not a reason to assume a forgery. This is always the case with ancient art, given the tiny fraction of it that has survived, and is doubly so when we are talking about provincial Roman works, where carving practices vary from region to region.
3) Forgeries tend to surface on the art market, where there is money to be made, not in rivers, where they are found by archaeologists and end up in state museums. I'm sure money was made on this find, but certainly not the millions it would have generated had it changed hands on the market.
Mary Jane said...
It may be the bust of Tiberius Claudius Nero, Caesar's quaestor and the actual founder of the colony. See my first comment here:
http://coinarchaeology.blogspot.com/2008/05/oldest-bust-of-julius-caesar-found-in.html
jean said...
Looks like actor Ian Holm to me
Jorg Andersen said...
You guys are all obviously great experts in a fine subject, but I suggest you stop sneering at journalists who simply report what the authorities are announcing. I landed here because I am an Austrian fan of Charles Bremner and read his article in the Times online newspaper. I don't see anything in his report that said he guaranteed the truth of what the French were claiming. It was just a subject that made news. I detect a whiff of snobbery from this post and the comments attached to it.

SW Foska said...
Jorg, Bremner writes that this is true, in a tone that seeks to assume authority. If he didn't check it out, fair game: & if he's a grown-up, I'm sure he can handle what is after all fairly light banter. Happens I spend considerable time most autumns teaching 19-year-olds to handle truth-claims - Bremner's is a good article to give them & take apart, armed with Prof. Beard's historico-critical strictures on gobbets, all grist to the mill of pedagogy ad ripas merseyii.
JC had an aquiline nose. This statuette resembles a pugilist.
Jackie said...
I understood that the joke was that Caesar meant hairy and Julius was bald - and embarrassed about it. This bust looks to have a pretty good head of hair.
S. Hammond said...
I think it a rather good example of how making an image "heroic" distorts a face while keeping certain identifiers. This has the hollow cheeks of Gaius Julius and all it takes is a small amount of moving the parameters of the face to make it resemble the better-known images. Lengthen the nasal area, widen the lower jaw, move the eyes apart a bit... voila. The coin tells us his nose was not really "Roman" so we can put that aside as another possible idealisation. He did not comb his hair forward at the temples, but then, who would?
I think it's Big Julie, the Don of his day. Certainly it's a very strong face, the kind of man who could lead armies, but might not be diplomatic enough to survive the aftermath in politics.
James said...
If this was deposited in the Republican era, why was it found in association with Imperial era sculptures? The terminus post quem of the deposit must be the mid-Empire if this is the latest datable find. The author is correct to be sceptical. Can someone can show a ritual practice of water-devotional sacrifice in the area? This sort of sacrifice is widespread in Romano-Celtic sites, eg. Bath. However these contain precious few large statues (none?), usually small devotions, votive offerings including small sculptures, curse tablets, coins, built up over time.
This looks like a hord terminus post quem late Imperial. Someone was scared and chucked the statues in the river.
Heresiarch said...
I agree that the new bust doesn't look much like Caesar. Which raises the obvious point, why did anyone think it was him? Is it just wishful thinking? I discovered this explanation from Michel L'Hour, the man in charge:
D'abord, il nous fallait sécuriser le site d'exploration afin d'éviter les pillages, explique Michel L'hour, le directeur du département. Ensuite, nous avons consulté les plus éminents spécialistes des statuaires antiques afin d'être certains qu'il s'agissait bien d'un portrait de Jules César. À l'unanimité, les chercheurs ont confirmé l'authenticité du portrait." D'autres détails ont pu être livrés, comme la datation, grâce à l'étude de la stylistique : "Ce buste grandeur nature est typique de la série des portraits réalistes d'époque républicaine, explique le conservateur du patrimoine. Les traits du visage sont durcis par l'âge, le front de César est gagné par un début de calvitie. Tout montre qu'il s'agit d'un portrait de l'empereur réalisé de son vivant."
Who were these "eminent specialists"? Why were they unanimous? It's all rather puzzling.
the reference:
http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites/decouverte-exceptionnelle-d-un-buste-de-cesar-a-arles/914/0/245100
Richard said...
I think that what can happen with these "plus éminents spécialistes" is that Prof. X has a theory, as it might be the identification of the subject of a portrait, and bounces up to another professor, full of excitement, and runs it past him. If Prof. Y believes that it is complete hogwash he will say "well, of course you might be right, but I wouldn't like to bet on it; have you considered factors a, b and c?" If, as might be the case here, Prof. Y believes that the theory is dubious, while not complete hogwash, he will probably say "What a brilliant idea! Quite probably you are right, though I suppose that a sceptic might want to be convinced on point a" or something like that.
Why? Well, Prof. X is full of the joys of spring and the exhilaration of discovery, and Prof. Y doesn't want to rain on his parade. And he knows that he hasn't spent as much time thinking about it as Prof. X has, and is likely to be disinclined to disagree with somebody who has done the donkey work when he hasn't.
I think the same thing happens with papyri. Prof A thinks he can read something, and asks Prof B for a second opinion. Prof B has a quick look, and says "I think you may well be right". When Prof A advocates his theory to somebody else at the pub, he says that Prof B agreed with him: but Prof B didn't really agree, he just made encouraging noises...
If you are an eminent specialist and not being named, you are not putting your own reputation on the line, and may well prefer to be polite and encouraging. What counts is whether somebody agrees with you in print with their name at the bottom of the article...
All best,
Richard
Oliver NIcholson said...
Richard's eirenic explanation of professorial psychology reminds me of a friend's explanation of the notorious (and often misquoted) observation of Bishop Jenkins of Durham that the Resurrection was 'not just a conjuring trick with old bones'. The bishop was previously a professor; "the trouble is", said my friend. "he thinks that the Gentlemen of the Press are bright undergraduates who need stimulating".
Michael Bulley said...
After reading this piece, I tore open the plastic wrapping from today's just delivered Le Monde. The subheading says: "C'est le seul buste connu de César réalisé de son vivant", annonce Luc Long. What worries me about M.Long is that when someone asks him at a party what he does for a living, he has to say "I am the principal heritage curator at the department of subaquatic and undersea research of the Ministry of Culture."
Richard said...
"Eirenic"? Perhaps - I expect I have been lucky in my experience of professors...
dearieme said...
'Course it's not Julius Caesar, it's another chap with the same name.
PL said...
Eirenic or not, Richard's scenarios look absolutely life-like.
Tony Francis said...
The Wiki article on Julius Caesar is changing by the hour. There is a battle going on by someone posting this statute as "the last known image of Caesar", while others are taking it down. The Cambridge Professor has taken on the unwitting role of being the sole voice of doubt as to its authenticity (according to Wiki):
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar
It seems the whole matter could be simplified by using computer photoscanners to look at known statues of Caesar, and comparing bone structure with the one in question:
http://www.forensicartist.com/reconstruction.html
If the bone struture is similar: case closed, (coming to an irenic end). If it isn't: case open, (continuing a non-irenic discussion).
ribbet said...
There is a lot to say about the identicality of the frogs. Thanks Michael. If you kiss me, I'll turn into a beautiful princess, or even the Queen.
Michael Bulley said...
I think it must be a bust of Julius Caesar. Here is my reasoning. When he went to Arles, Caesar would have used the French version of his name, Jules César (we can be certain of this because there is a Hôtel Jules César in Arles). It is also a fact that Caesar was no good at photography. So, although they were willing to help him in his war against Pompey, the people of Arles refused to compromise the quality of the prestigious Arles annual summer photography festival by accepting Caesar's photos, which were mostly holiday snaps of soldiers in Germany ("This is an artistic festival. We don't display people's photographs just because they're celebrities," said one of organisers after Caesar's fifth attempt to get himself included). When Caesar finally left Arles, after being victorious against Pompey, he decided to get his revenge on the town, and shortly afterwards a rude message was found carved on one of the bases of the large iron arch at the entrance to the railway station. "Arles suce - J", it said (Arles sucks - J). It didn't take long for the citizens of Arles to work out who J was, since the message was obviously an anagram of Jules César. All the evidence points therefore to the likelihood that the bust is, in fact, of Caesar, lopped off one of his statues by the angry people of Arles and chucked in the river.
MICHAEL SCOTT said...
I think the Sid James comparison the best. How can one not see the obvious low-life attributes of this personnage. The French Minister of Culture incidentally is a novellist and playwrite noted for her imagination.
leon farster said...
this is not the face of a man that an army would follow.
Dion Per Sona said...
I find the portrait bears several traits attributed to Julius Caesar. An uncommonly rounded, even bulbous head (Caesarian birth, the first), the little forelock which Tacitus has him nervously finger; the downturned mouth, though not as realistically cruel and ruthless as the telling portrait in the Ancona Municipal museum, is suggested. Those ears: low slung and of criminal appearance, like himself. The comparatively small jawbone. In all he does look like a man capable of slicing open a living womb to seize the prophesied prize: "a man not born of woman", the one who was to secure the Julian dynasty. Or is this episode merely a Christic interpolation? Or gossip supplied by Hadrian?
We've been confused by flattering facsimilies; this bust sticks to certain facts.

David said...
I don't think it looks like Ciaran Hinds at all!
Jane said...
On the other hand, it bears a striking resemblance (in the sawn-off part, at least) to the bust of Caesar which appeared on Doctor Who this evening.
The Doctor must have found it ahead of time and put it back in the river.
Tony Francis said...
Compare these images of five statues of Julius Caesar:
http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/caesar.html
http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/caesarstatue_cast.jpg
Notice the nose is different in the second statue from the first site. As best I can tell from measuring the images, none of the major axes are the same as in the so-called "oldest statue". In other words, the face is too fat, the eyes are to close together, and as previously mentioned, the labial folds are too prominent. The French say this was done after Caesar's death. Maybe it was just some schlep in the village who seemed to look like Caesar, so far as anyone could recall. Or maybe it was just some schlep no one remembers now.
Eugene said...
Per deos immortales! Come to think of it, why hasn't anyone published a profile photo of this specimen? I mean, even mug shots are done front and profile. What are they hiding? Cherchez la forme, n'est-ce pas?
Xjy said...
Well, it's such an unflattering job with those close-set eyes, the louring expression, and the threatening attitude, that Julius would never ever have approved it if it was done live in his presence. Not a chance. No way he was going to meet posterity, or even the present as an ugly ruthless bastard if he could help it. The sculptor would have got the chop. Maybe it's Tiberius on a bad day, beefed up a bit, and not likely to be seen by Himself disporting with the minnows in Capri.
Looks like the Classical version of an urban legend is being born.
I ask you, Julius Caesar as Sid James??!
Perhaps not so much eirenic, that post, as ironic...
Nicholas Wibberley said...
It appears, like most portrait sculpture of the time, devoid of any efforts to beautify or idealise. What age would you say the man was when this was made? JC was 51 when he crossed the Rubicon. Any time after that one might expect a portrait to bear iconographic elements. Indeed, in his case, perhaps before. To me, being fancifully subjective, this man doesn’t look like a warrior or a conqueror, more like a fairly successful moneylender or trader, a respected member of the community, a family man with wife and son and a dozen or so household slaves.
rogueclassicist said...
@Jorg
I don't think snobbery enters into things ... journalists will readily question claims of politicians and others -- including archaeologists -- but didn't in this case. For an example of such questioning, see, e.g., the recent claims about finding the Queen of Sheba's palace in Ethiopia:
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3919430.ece
Tony Francis said...
It can be argued with some validity that this isn't the last statue of J. Caesar, but rather the first known image of Homer Simpson:
http://www.nedbatchelder.com/blog/200805/css_homer_animated.html
Now, the only question to be resolved is: Does Homer Simpson look like J. Caesar? Also: wouldn't a stone bust in a river for 2000 years be expected to have washed downstream an indeterminable distance?
rogueclassicist said...
What would be more interesting (I think) than the identification of the statue (if such is possible) is if they'd connect this statue (and the others) to the pontoon bridge that was a feature of Arelate ... did folks trot these statues out on the bridge and toss them? Did they fall off a carriage going over the bridge?
said...
The most informative comment has been made by Mary Jane concerning Tiberius Claudius Nero; in following this suggestion I noticed a certain similarity with some sculptures of Claudius (first pointed out by Irene in just the fourth coment below) -also called Tiberius Claudius Nero plus other names, altogether too complex to verify right now:
http://images.google.co.uk/images?hl=en&q=claudius&btnG=Search+Images&gbv=2
This would not rule out the former TCN as the subject of the statue, if he was the emperor's grandfather
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiberius_Nero&oldid=196082146
But it also happens that Claudius was born in Lyon (Lugdunum), also on the Rhone like Arles -which fits in with TF's suggestion that the sculpture could have flowed some distance downstream.
But apart from the subject in question Mary's post is interesting because of what it raises about the extent to which archaeology may or may not be an exact science: how, for instance they can number so many strata of settlement on a hillside when the lay person might see nothing in particular; how they can postulate an entire complex edifice, with various phases of construction, destruction, reconstruction, enlargement, where the lay person sees only a maze of low walls and lines of foundation-stones....
Then there's the issue of how to go about using archaeology's conclusions for the purpose of writing history. Some of the evidence is of the kind that literary-based historians would instinctively be comfortable with, as it consists of the written word (inscriptions, coins, diplomas) and is clearly published. But other evidence derives from those apects of the discipline which are indeed highly exact and technological: aerial photography that reveals the ancient allotment of land; minutely detailed studies of the residues of seeds and pollen, and many other forms of evidence besides.
All this might be of use, for instance, in reconstructing the patterns of ancient migration and settlement, but it's difficult to see how a historian might integrate it all into a comprehensive overview: the published results may have been archived away in obscure specialist publications, and the evidence itself may be exceedingly abstruse and complex to interpret.
If anyone has views or experience to share on the matter, I believe it would be of help to most of us here.
F.Gamberini said...
Allow me to add my signature to my post "The most informative comment..."
With apologies,
FG
SW Foska said...
Maybe F. Gamberini didn't actually write the anonymously posted comments, he just thought they seemed quite nice and wanted to lay claim to them.
SMITH said...
To Tony Francis. This is a sculpture by an artist - not a photograph - and one can't reasonably expect sculptures or even paintings to adhere to precise measurements or proportions of individuals. You are arranging your argument to fit your prejudice.
Mary, my immediate reaction on seeing the photograph of the sculpture was that it showed a clear family resemblance to sculptures I had seen of Augustus who was Julius' great nephew. Also, people's faces change and sag as they age. This bust is clearly of a tired, weary man and not the tight-jawed,fierce, confident man of previous years and sculptures.
Why not simply say that it may be Julius Caesar.
Tony Francis said...
Dear SMITH: We have at least five sculptures of J. Caesar showing a narrow faced individual. All the statues have more or less the same facial dimensions. Either the artists copied each other (possibly after Caesar's death) or based their work on what he looked like in life. An archeologist fishes a bust of a fat faced man, with prominent nasal labial folds out of a river and proclaims it to be J. Caesar. Based on what? It doesn't match any other example of statues of Caesar. We are told it looks like a profile on a coin. Does it? The coin is of a narrow faced individual, and looks more like the thin faced statues. Are there markings on the statue telling us who it is? If it was in the river for 2000 years (another fact we don't know), it is predictable it would have flowed some distance from where it was tossed in. Maybe it is a fake. Who knows? At Wichita Sate U., they had a really impressive display of "Apatosaurus" vertebrae. I asked the lady geology professor how they knew they were Apatosaurus, and not say, Diplodocus. She told me they had been found in a pit in Utah with other Apatosausus bones. That seemed a good explanation to me. But a week later, the display was gone. That told me they weren't too sure about it. I could find a rusty metal slab in my backyard, and claim it is a sword from Coronado. But that doesn't make it so.
Apatosaurus (nee: Brontosaurus) at Yale had the wrong skull (a Camarasaurus) for over 70 years.
http://www.unmuseum.org/dinobront.htm
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatosaurus
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplodocus
The statue may be J. Caesar, but not based on what we have been told about it.
Tony Francis said...
One thing is for sure: by creating controversy over this unidentified statue, its value in the bidding market has been increased astronomically.
Tony Francis said...
Apprently even Michelangelo produced a phony "ancient" work of art that he passed off on the Pope:
http://www.world-science.net/exclusives/050330_laocoonfrm.htm
There is so much fake art, there is a secondary market for it:
http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Art-of-Forgery-Art&id=207543
And let us not forget Andy Warhol who tried to collect money from the sale of forgeries of his own work.
F.Gamberini said...
Reassessment.
Augustus too was a good suggestion. But, looking again, I seem to notice that Augustus, Claudius, and Caesar seem to have a more pronounced cupid’s bow than this portrait, so far as can be judged from the photograph.
It’s hard to tell the age of the man portrayed here, as against the accepted Caesar; the elder Tiberius Claudius Nero actually died at a slightly earlier age than C. I’ll go for TCN (tentatively) or some local notable, whether from Arles or further upstream.
I’ve done a quick count of the opinions so far expressed:
JC: 7
TCN: 2
M. Antony: 1
Augustus: 1
Tiberius: 1
Claudius: 2
other: 21
……………………………………..

Mary Jane said...
1. Concerning the reassessment by Mr. Gamberini:
a) AUGUSTUS had a very specific imperial iconography, so specific that some scholars regularly mix up e.g. Augustus and Gaius Caesar (20 BC - AD 4). One main characteristic was that Augustus only allowed youthful portraits of himself, even when he was an old man. There are only very few "realistic" images of him, e.g. this one (I think it's called the Alculdia-type), which shows him as Gaius Octavius, but was made some years after Julius Caesar's death:
http://en.citizendium.org/images/3/34/Augustus_young_Octavius_small.jpg
Augustus surely would not have allowed an unflattering old-age image of him, considering also that the imperial, hellenized iconography, which he introduced in Rome, was very distinct from Republican aesthetics, which were far more realistic. There seems to be only one image of an older Augustus, but this is disputed afaik, which is easy btw because the bust is not in very good shape:
http://www.aeria.phil.uni-erlangen.de/photo_html/portraet/roemisch/kaiserzeit/benannt/augustus/aug35.JPG
b) CLAUDIUS in the official iconography had far more dignified features than the Arles bust, and he was also depicted in an imperial fashion, not republican.
c) MARCUS ANTONIUS also looks quite different:
http://www.livius.org/a/1/romanempire/antony.jpg
…but not as different from the Arles-bust as Augustus or Claudius. In Antonius' case we could also explain the deposition of the bust, which could have happened, when Antonius turned against Octavian before Actium and became something of a persona non grata in the west. This is unlikely for several reasons (see below). Furthermore Antonius was flamen Divi Iulii. And would the soldiers and veterans in the colony, who worshipped Divus Iulius, have thrown away the statue/bust of the highpriest of their cult? Not very likely.
d) TIBERIUS has completely different features than the Arles-bust:
http://www.livius.org/a/1/emperors/tiberius_bm.JPG
He is clearly Livia's son:
http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/romans/history/pictures/livia.jpg
But he was also the son of the aforementioned Tiberius Claudius Nero. If the Arles bust shows TCN, his son, the later emperor Tiberius, didn't have much of his features (if any).
e) JULIUS CAESAR has been ruled out for several reasons, the primary one being that the Tusculum-bust, which clearly shows Caesar vivo, doesn't look like the Arles-bust at all.
f) So TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS NERO, father of the emperor Tiberius, is still in the race. But we don't have any images of him to compare the bust with, so it can only remain tentative and speculative, based on the indirect evidence that he was in Arles in 46 BC (unlike Caesar!) and founded the colony on Caesar's orders. So we can't be sure, and it might as well be a local politician of some sort from the late Republic or before the Principate (judging from the "Republican" style of the bust). But he must have been a very important man, because they kept his bust in the colony until it was thrown away in the 3rd century (see below). Alternatively it could have been a statue from a private household.
2. Concerning Mary Beard's argument here:
"The desperate archaeologist in this case has, of course, found a nice reason for imagining how a made-from-life portrait of Julius Caesar might have ended up at the bottom of the Rhone. It was chucked there after Caesar had been assassinated and so had fallen from favour. Has he forgotten that that was the very moment when Caesar was turned into a god? Well, he might respond, the burghers of southern France took a dim view of such flummery."
a) "Has he forgotten that that was the very moment when Caesar was turned into a god?"
This is true, as it is shown on this coin here (on the right):
http://www.cngcoins.com//photos/big/661321.jpg
…which depicts Caesar's resurrectio on the pyre during his funeral. (The interpretation as "Sulla's Dream" has been largely refuted.)
But the fact that Caesar became god (the Senate had decreed this anyway) and that the Pseudo-Marius immediately established an impromptu cult in Rome, didn't hinder some group of people in Rome (probably the Anti-Caesarians) to destroy Caesar's statues, as Appianus (BC 3.1.9) clearly proves. So we can deduce that whereever there were Anti-Caesarians, it is probable that some of Caesar's statues could have been destroyed or disposed of. But were there Anti-Caesarians in a Caesarian colony like Arles? A colony where the soldiers and veterans worshipped their imperator even before his official apotheosis? So your argument is not correct in general for all of Rome, but I would support that your argument is correct for Arles. (And only that is important here.)
But since the Arles-bust is probably not Caesar, we should rather think about why someone would have thrown away the bust of another person? Nathan T. Elkins makes a clear argument for the 3rd century as the terminus post quem, if the dating of the Neptune-statue by the French authorities is correct (comment No. 7):
http://coinarchaeology.blogspot.com/2008/05/oldest-bust-of-julius-caesar-found-in.html
The statues were probably thrown away during that time, so then the discarding can't have anything to do with Caesar's assassination anyway. What could be the reasons? The barbarian invasions? Maybe. Maybe not. Or rather the Christianization of the empire? Neptune was a "pagan" god, and would have been thrown away. Marsyas would have been thrown away, because his legend includes the "pagan" god Apollo. Tiberius Claudius Nero, the founder of the colony, would have received some form of worship, alongside the colony's pater Divus Iulius. You need statues or altars for such a cult. Christians would not have allowed the cult of the founder of the colony, and would also have thrown away his statue/bust.
b) "Well, he might respond, the burghers of southern France took a dim view of such flummery."
That would be a non-scientific argument, because the cult of Divus Iulius, especially in the castrae and colonies of Caesar and Augustus, was a fullfledged religion. Some of Caesar's honors in the city of Rome (and maybe also in Greece) were flattery (and maybe even flummery), in the years that led up to his death. But following his death, especially following 42 BC (the year of his apotheosis), a true empire-wide cult was established, and it is well-known that the cult was very prominent in this province: Gallia Narbonensis. (This was brought up by one user in the Wikipedia-discussion, who seems to have read the blogs: he also mentioned Tiberius Claudius Nero.) I don't know the user's source, but in any case Fishwick et al. have shown that the cult was popular there. So I think that no sane person can throw in the argument that the citizens of southern France (who were Roman citizens!) would have taken a dim view of Caesar's cult. Especially not his soldiers and veterans.
Mary Jane said...
There is now a video by France 3, where you can see more of the bust:
http://programmes.france3.fr/des-racines-et-des-ailes/index-fr.php?page=emission&id_article=89
The interesting thing is that although the neck is still comparatively short and broad, you can clearly make out the typical long wrinkles on the upper part of the neck on one side, which we know from Caesar's depictions on coins and from the Tusculum-Caesar.
Could this maybe be a posthumous clementia-statue of Caesar, on which e.g. the Torlonia-Caesar was based? Maybe a copy of the one that Marcus Antonius placed on the rostra?
But the rest of the features still doesn't really add up.
Tony Francis said...
After watching the French video, I am softening my position. The statue does look a little like J. Caesar. But there are more questions raised by the video. Were these fragments just lying around in a bunch in close proximity to the cement bridge or pier work? If so, why didn't some workman find them? Why weren't they covered in mud? In general faces tend to get thinner between the ages of 50 and 60.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skinaging.html
An exception may be with cigarette smokers (see photos):
http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/april2000/taister.htm
Alcohol makes the face thinner. I am still a doubter, just less so.
Mary Jane said...
@Tony Francis
Totally correct. We also know that Caesar suffered from failing health at the end of his life. (Cicero, I think, wrote that he probably wouldn't have returned alive from the war against Parthia.) Caesar tried to fight his epilepsy with a strict diet, and some of the dictator-coins clearly show his face not as naturally thin but as emaciated. So while the Tusculum-Caesar might originate from this later period (e.g. 45 BC), a younger, more hairy and "well-fed" Caesar might be seen in the bust from Arles, but dated rather not to 46 BC, but at the latest 48 BC, when he was there on his campaign against Massilia. (This could be a possible explanation, if this is Caesar. But we can't be sure.)
PS (a note to the moderator): I had also submitted a longer post on Mr. Gamberini's reassessment. This was incorrectly labeled as spam, but submitted for moderator-review anyway. Please look into your spam folder to retrieve the message. Thank you.
Tony Francis said...
The idea that all these artifacts were found in close proximity after being in a large river stretches credibility. In the US Civil War, two ships went down in the James River. People knew where these were for the last 150 years. yet there was great difficulty in locating them, presumably because they had drifted, and been covered with mud.
http://hnsa.org/conf2004/papers/judge.htm
I knew I kid from Ohio in the US Army who used to walk around the rivers. He found all sorts of stone axes and bones, some weighing more than 20 pounds that had been washed up on river banks. I found a petrified bone in my garden in Salina, KS. It took a while, but I finally figured out it was a human male distal radius (arm bone). You can see the arthritis on the joint surface. It had washed in from somewhere.

cat, ARLES said...
As an archaeologist myself, I respond to these doubts with a shrug. How are we to know better than the archaeologists who found it? It goes either way. Half the artefacts labelled "ritual use" in museums had nothing to do with ritual...archaeology is all about interpretation.
it does seem, on the whole, to fit the hypothesis...that it is probably ceasar.
That "probably" is as best we can do...anyone who thinks archaeology is about 100% proof doesnt understand the job.
Analysing articles written by journalists and looking for scientific reasoning is a little unrealistic as an expectation.
Seems a shame to pour cold water on the exciting discovery just for the sake of being a clever cynic...? No?
Time (and lots of lab work) will tell.
By the way...the big river you talk about is visible from where I'm sitting at the computer. It's entirely possible they lay there for years. Come for a coffee and we'll take a walk across the bridge and I'll show you!
Tony Francis said...
CAT, Arles: I don't think anyone is being a cynic just for the pleasure of being a cynic. We have to ask the question: Is archeology a science or a metaphysic? We are told to reject religion because "someone said it was so." Yet we are told to believe archeologists "because someone said it was so." Same applies to astrophysics, quantum mechanics, and all the other sciences. If archeologists had credibility,we might believe them. Unfortunately, these artifacts have a tendency to end up on auction blocks going for 2 million euros as the "last known portrait of Caesar." Is this the result of a clever marketing campaign drawing attention to a statute that might otherwise languish in the warehouse of a museum, with a value of a few hundred euros? With this marble bust, the commercilization is completed. It has gotten all the attention necessary to draw a big price. Personally, I don't care if some fool pays a fortune for this statute. However, establishing authenticity of ancient art has a poor history, and is fraught with many pitfalls. Look at the story of the famous Greek bronze horse at the Met Museum in NYC. It was displayed in Encyclopaedia Britannica as a great piece of art. In 1968, it was declared a fake. Now it has been rehabilitated.
http://aic.stanford.edu./jaic/articles/jaic21-01-001.html
Who are we to believe? I say, enjoy the art for the sake of its existence. The statue, whether it is J. Caesar or not is interesting. Is a phony work of art created by Michelangelo, and passed as something ancient, of more or less value?
As for your offer of coffee: I would be thrilled to join you. But in the interest of global warming, I am eschewing air travel. So for now, I will just have to drink my coffee in the US. Thanks for the offer, though. I would love to take you up on it.
F.Gamberini said...
Thank you, Cat: hearing from an archaeologist is just what I wanted.
But I would really like you to be a bit more specific, both about the nature of archaeology and your reasons for feeling that it is probably Caesar.
Here's my new, "specific" attempt. Having seen the video (and many thanks again to Mary Jane for pointing it out) I too would agree with TF that the it looks a little like JC; this is true mostly of the left side of the face (when the sculpture is first seen lying on the riverbed), whereas the photograph here is angled slightly more towards the other side.
But frontally the following details don't seem to match:
1. the ears protrude too much;
2. the frown is too strong and the brow too thick;
3. the nostrils are too wide;
4. the mouth too straight and not sufficiently shaped.
Of course, it's interpretation, as you say; I suggest we take it as a starting pont for further discussuion.

Nicholas Wibberley said...
I may be missing something, but why does this have to be an emperor? There isn’t enough of it to prove, or even suggest, that it is. On the other hand there were two relatively calm social periods, the reign of Claudius and that of the early Flavians when portraits were much made for established members of local societies. There were even basic, off the shelf, body models. Aside from iconographic images, which this is not, Roman portrait sculpture tended to aim at realism, just look, among many others, at the bust of Pompey in the Copenhagen museum. Why might this not have come from a private villa, a forum, or even a baths, and simply be the image of a man whose identity is lost to the oblivion Fate grants most of mankind.
Richard said...
I suspect that Tony F is mistaken, and that if this has been excavated by the French national archaeological authorities it will go to a museum (whether national or local) and as such will not ever have a price determined by sale in an auction or wherever.
As such, in purely commercial terms, all that French state-employed archaeologists are doing by increasing its potential sale value is to add to the relevant museum's insurance premiums.
Prestige of the museum and of the individual archaeologists in question is another matter.
All best,
Richard
Tony Francis said...
Making up a good story is the same thing as merchandizing. If the statue stays in a museum, it is the gift that keeps on giving in terms of tourists who will come to see it in perpetuity, purchasing meals at restuarants and buying plastic crap at the museum. If it is the last head of Caesar, more will come than if it just some schmo from the village. So it is even better than selling it for 2 million euros, especially if you are a socialist. What is more compelling: "We found this interesting arrowhead."; or "We found this interesting arrowhead which was shot by a party of Native Americans, who while pursuing a herd of buffalo, were attacked by another warring party, fighting for territorial rights...."

Georg said...
Addendum:
One more competent voice speaking against the identification with Caesar: http://www.sueddeutsche.de/,ra16m1/wissen/special/67/174544/index.html/wissen/artikel/74/176540/article.html
Lord Truth said...
From Lord Truth, 28th May, 2---
I recently received the following letter from my old friend Hercule Poirot and in view of its importance in this matter I feel it should be made public.
My Dear Friend,
I 'av been reading the enormous number of comments concerning this discovery and am surprised that no one-no one-including the esteemed lady professor, has made ,what to me is the most instantly obvious observation concerning it.
I ask you,mesdames et messieurs to look carefully at this portrait bust and ask yourselves one simple question.
If I had a face like that,would I want it immortalised in stone for all time?
Would my wife-colleagues-friends,on passing it each time they came to dinner look on it reverently and say in hushed tones 'What a great -noble-handsome-sensitive man your husband-senator etc. was'?
The answer mes amis is clearly ,No!
Indeed ,knowing Roman humour as we do the chances are that it would produce guffaws of laughter of the kind that would be produced if one day Mr Sid James had casually mentioned he was thinking of having his portait painted.
'Itlooks like the gargoyle on the kitchen roof'-'Wheres the spout?,'
Only if-only if -mes amis ,the person depicted was so immensley,so enormously important that they agreed-indeed that it was demanded of them-that they must be portrayed for all time for history as similarly as your Oliver Cromwell indicated,warts and naso labials and all....
This can therefore only be a bust of a very very very great man.And I am sure that my friends in the various French archeology departments with their computerised facio-cranial measurements etc will have confirmed that this is indeed Julius Caesar
Some people have protested that no soldier would follow a man with such a face,but messieurs,the extreme depth of those naso labials indicates a man of great endurance and ruthlessness ,as Caesar was known to be-indeed put an officers cap on him and he instantly brings to life someof the most determined and ruthless German generals of WW2.
But what of Caesars wit and sensitivity? Alas ,that is precisely why this bust is so embarrassing to its model .Frozen in stone it cannot show those softer human feelings Caesar was said to possess...
As far as the intense anger at the French shown in these comments ,I 'av some sympathy.The British do feel they have a close relationship with this man.
He is in a way,the father of their nation.After all,until 'e invade it,no one 'ad 'eard of the place.
Finally may I suggest to the commenters,perhaps, a little less all night raving and a lttle more use of those little grey cells.
Your Friend Hercule Poirot
Mary Jane said...
Concerning this link:
http://www.sueddeutsche.de/,ra16m1/wissen/special/67/174544/index.html/wissen/artikel/74/176540/article.html
Paul Zanker is without doubt a renowned expert on the subject, but not all of his views may necessarily be correct. I support his obvious assessment that the Arles-bust is not Caesar, but why the Tusculum-Caesar is definitely supposed to be a zeitgesicht, and not a direct portrait, is incomprehensible. That's only a theory, which he needs to but cannot prove. The fact that the Tusculum-Caesar closely resembles the coin portraits from Caesar's lifetime, rather speaks against this being a zeitgesicht. And although the Tusculum-Caesar spawned several copies (e.g. the Corinth-Caesar), these copies (in unison with Divus-Iulius-coins) often rejuvenized Caesar's features. So in the article Zanker errs, when he says that the "aged Caesar" definitely and markedly resembled a zeitgesicht after his death.
Mary Jane said...
@ Lord Truth:
You write or quote: "Frozen in stone it cannot show those softer human feelings Caesar was said to possess..."
I then have to ask you (in all seriousness) why so many statues of Caesar show so much emotion and so many of his feelings (including the softer ones): the Tusculum with the wit, the openness, aristocracy, friendly reserve and irony… the Torlonia with the clementia, benevolence, sensitivity and warmness… the Corinth with the sadness and tragedy… the Thasos-type as the proud, hellenized Divus Iulius… others like the Campo Santo, the Velleia or the Rieti as the potent warrior and idealized imperator… the Farnese/Naples as the great ruler (but obviously based on the Tusculum)… the Capitol Caesar with clementia also, but including a mixture of imperium and an almost meditative sapientia?
The Arles-bust does not reflect a single, tiny attribute of at least one of those many Caesar-statues and busts. Not one… and that's a fact. So the only sane answer can be that the bust from Arles is not Caesar, under no admissable circumstances. You can try as many "computerized facio-cranial measurements" as you like, it will not change the fact that the Arles-bust has nothing to do with the Caesar from the known written sources, coins, busts, statues and inscriptions.
Georg said...
Another interesting article by a German speaking expert on Roman portraits, this time an interview: http://www.welt.de/kultur/article2046955/Forscher-Streit_um_Portraetbueste_von_Caesar.html
Chris Hallworth said...
Indeed i agree with the author here. Every archaeologist will appreciate the beauty of this piece - although i must agree this idea of it having been thrown into a river is dubious. This ramble about it being Ceasar is only for the press and we need not accept it as such to admire the find. I Think it is a shame that the press have used this interpretation - I don't think it helps the image of archaeology in teh public mind nor does it promote better understanding of the field.
Alexander Jablánczy said...
I asked my wife without mentioning anything about it is this a sculpture of JC fished out of the river at Arles? Of course she said.
Actually Arelatum. Why? She wouldn't discuss her reasons she said it's obvious. Why? Because that's what he looked like, that's all.
Me as a humble portraitist would be more mundane and picky. Count the number of deep creases between the two eyebrows TWO do other sculptures match? Count the number and fatness of the horizontal deep forehead furrows do they match?
Look at the weird gap in the outer ear lobe at the top does it match?
These features are unchangeable whereas as we know from El Greco astigmatism and distortion or Botero fatness thinness square vs oblong head vs moon face are stylistic or ocular distortions and as such not determinative. Reminds me of Shakespeare's Canadian portrait which is atypical but the wood panel matches the date as well as the paint. A forgery would copy the well known exact features so ironically an authentic piece would be atypical.
The atypicality of this bust is the strongest argument in its favour.
For head shape I agree that it's more like Claudius, or Nero, but the head tilt, why obviously it's Alexander.
But all Frenchmen and all Brits must hang their heads in shame, the authenticity of an object depends on its national appurtenance??? Ridiculous. Here the Germans come off rather better they are actually unsure. But we havent heard from those who might actually know what they are talking about the Italians of course. Americans I would ignore.
Then a bit of reality check. Do we know if sculptors worked with a live model in front of them or with dozens of charcoal sketches made from life from various angles or did they work from memory without any model or did they have a clay or terracotta model before their eyes which was made from a live model. Which was it?
Now the truth. Caesar later returned to Arelatum summoned the sculptor and sculpture was displeased about the poor likeness
and was about to punish him when the poor fellow suggested he throw it in the river as a sacrifice to the river god for crossing the Rubicon. QED.
PS All artists sculptors portraitists vary in style technique execution skill and ingrained feature imprint. Which is why no two will be clones.
Alexander Jablánczy said...
I tried to collect all of Caesars statues sculptures portraits but got nowhere. They all have different lighting so the shadows are different consequently the structures depths of grooves folds are not commensurable. Then the sizes are unknown and the frontality and heighth of the photos are also varied and not consistent nor uniform. So there is nothing to compare.
Whether it might be Caesar without proper comparable photos is unanswerable.
But one can study the sculpture itself and the results are astonishing. This is simply the most incompetent amateurish
unsuccessful portrait sculpture of all time. If you draw a line across each double feature or merely hold up a ruler the results are unbelievably incompetent.
Obviously the sculptor drew a horizontal line or rather a line normal to the tilt of the head across the two eyes and the corners of the lips and got the eyes and the mouth into parallel planes. Then the horrors begin. Not the alae nasi but the nares tilt one way. The ears tilt the opposite way. Not just by one or two but fifteen to thirty degrees compared to each other nose to ears but also to the mouth and eyes. So the separate constituents of the head are all in different non parallel planes which is anatomically impossible. That no one has noticed this glaring odd
incompetence is curious.
As far as the identity. Why it's obvious, it's Euclid. This is a demonstration head to show that parallel lines do not meet ie the line of the mouth and the eyes but non parallel lines do meet ie the line of the ears and the nose.
So I was right whoever this was it was probably done by a pupil or a drunk senile blind sculptor or a modern forger who didnt know about strict plan lines more or less like Leonardo drawing parallels and arcs on a head of the Virgin which was traditional sculptors and painters method since Greek times. Otherwise you get this crazy dance of the nose ears mouth eyes all in random directions and sizes.
Or the sculpror had a family where the cutest one was uglier than Quasimodo or more deformed.
Ironically all these bad error make this such a vivid expressive sculpture and the distortions of incompetence alive.
Brenda O'Hern Six said...
Each and every one of you is wrong. It's Mel Gibson.
doug l said...
As I understand it, the creation of these sculptures during this period of Roman history was a function of public art and not art in the sense of an artist's interpretation, and as such the sculptors were artisans of the kind that the roman culture exemplified; precision seeking craftsmen who used devices to replicate their models very exactly. I also undertand that when it came to portraiture for the heads of noble families, there were sculptures that were intended to be very realistic and included all the flaws that every human has, and these were different by degrees from the ones meant for public display. This purported bust of Ceasar seems to be one that has been indealized and accurate. It's puzzling but even more puzzling would be the question of "who if not ceasar" would have a portrait bust of such quality produced. Perhaps at some time in the future other public portraits of Ceasar will come to light and a more definitive appraisal can be made. In the mean time the amount of interest this discovery has generated, as well as the excellent production of the recent dramatic series on television, has been a boon and one well worth appreciating for both its artistic merits and its drawing attention to the constants of history where republics become empires; a theme we seem to be witnessing today with some variation. How will Obama's, or Thatcher, or Bush or Churchill be viewed in two thousand year's time?
John Yohalem said in reply to Michael Bulley...
Michael Bulley has entirely convinced me. Case closed.
celebrity oops said...
What a freaky face!
Marco said...
Tu quoque Brute !!
Brian Keith O'Hara said...
The opposite question, how do we know the Tusculum portrait is contemporary. What is more intriguing, why do the portraits look substantially different from each other. The Naples Portrait is the most interesting, it communicates a sense of power.
Julius Caesar said in reply to Eileen...
On a more general note, where does the 'wickedly subversive' come from, as in the 'wickedly subversive Mary Beard.' Really? If only. Who writes this stuff?

Blog Archive