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Saturday, March 30, 2013

Phoenicians founded few colonies in western mediterranean but they didn't give any kind of genetic admixture to Sardinians, Italians (from north and center), French and Spaniards.

Sardinians have the lowest west Asian and semitic admixture among Italians...you should be crazy, Phoenicians founded few colonies in western mediterranean but they didn't give any kind of genetic admixture to Sardinians, Italians (from north and center), French and Spaniards. And it's the same about Carthaginians, Tunisians are not white, they are maghrebians, they can't be confused for Sardinians or any other southern Europeans! But it's bright you are only a stupid arab nationalist.
· 3 응답 대상: RWK41A (댓글 표시)
 
 
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-C1XBdRiZY 

North Europeans are lactose persistent

Why are north Europeans lactose persistent?
But Greeks Arabs Italians Hispanics blacks Indians lactose intolerant?

    12 hours ago
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Maybe it's genetic or they consumed milk better in colder north climates then the people's from further south?

12 hours ago
Maybe it's genetic or they consumed milk better in colder north climates then the people's from further south?

12 hours ago

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    Andrew Andrew
    A Top Contributor is someone who is knowledgeable in a particular category.
    Have you any idea what you're raving about?
        11 hours ago
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    michelle michelle
    Oh huh? Hmmm. Where did you read this?
        11 hours ago
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    Shan Barani Shan Barani
    Lactose persistent evolved first among Punjabis about 8000 years ago

    White Europeans are evolved from Punjabis about 6000 years ago, when the skin color gene SLC24A5 mutated from light brown to white in Afghanistan

    At this time, the Europeans inherited the Lactose persistent from Punjabis
    Source(s):
    DNA
        4 hours ago
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    brother_in_magic brother_...
    They were hunter gatherers for a longer period and drank more raw milk.
    However, I am of northwestern European ancestry (Irish/English) and am lactose intolerant; interestingly, though, my dna test puts me into one of the younger European groups that arrived in the neolithic.
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    J J
    A Top Contributor is someone who is knowledgeable in a particular category.
    I'm native Greek and I've yet to find someone who's lactose intolerant.
        2 hours ago
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http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;_ylt=AkdsmUS4o_khoRUApHwvJQnXDH1G;_ylv=3?qid=20130330010942AAQkvyx

격렬한 vehemently



    vehement(vehemently)
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Egyptians look similar to Greek and Romans comment

This is what real Greek Egyptians looked like!! These people clearly look nothing like the Ancient african Egyptians from the earlier periods. The later Greeks and Romans would have had a similiar look. You guys should show more art from this period.
·
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qeUpj1oloCI 

Friday, March 29, 2013

is truth nadal sometimes is too over reacting

is truth nadal sometimes is too over reacting, and he enjoy so much the mistake from others players....
·
 
 
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=np2GSVEt5a4

Thursday, March 28, 2013

Al Fayuum portrait is Greek

The Fayum Portraits

308pxfayum16 Fayum50
The Fayum portraits are a collection of 1st to 3rd century portraits made up mostly of Greek colonists of ancient Egypt. These colonists settled in cities like Alexandria after the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great and its subsequent rule by Greek Kings. They are among the best surviving portraits of antiquity. Scattered in museums such as the British Museum, The Louvre, and the Museum of Art in New York, they represent some of the finest examples of Greek art, providing us with snapshots depicting some of our Greek ancestors.  Looking at them one has the eerie feeling that he is meeting some long lost relatives for the first time. They were made with hot, pigmented wax on wooden panels, which were completed during the life of the individual and displayed in their home, this custom belonged to the traditions of Greek Art. After the person was deceased, the portrait panel was placed over the mummified individuals face.  The surviving paintings are predominantly from the Fayum region in Egypt and were completed during Hellenistic and Roman periods in this province, which had been settled primarily by Greek colonists, many of whom were soldier-veterans. The practice was common and the painters of the Fayum were either Greek residents dating from the Ptolemaic period of the late 4th century B.C., or those who had inherited the Greek artistic tradition. According to Eurosyne Doxiadis in her book entitled "The Mysterious Fayum Portraits: Faces from Ancient Egypt" the dry climate of the region preserved many of the paintings until today. 
FayumPaintings of this type, were often painted in the elaborate technique, using pigments mixed with hot or cold beeswax and other ingredients such as egg, resin, and linseed oil. This versatile medium allowed artists to create images that in many ways are akin to oil paintings in Western art. The boy's head, for instance, stands out with an impression of real depth from the light olive-colored background. His face is modeled with flowing strokes of the brush and a subtle blend of light and dark colors. Shadows on the left side of the face, neck, and garment and bright shiny spots on the forehead and below the right eye indicate a strong source of light on the boy's right. Most arresting are the eyes, dark brown with black pupils that reflect the light with bright spots. This manner of painting, which is very different from the traditional Egyptian style but was well known in Greco-Roman Egypt, originated in Classical Greece in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.
For more portraits see the collection here.



http://greekodyssey.typepad.com/my_greek_odyssey/2007/03/the_fayum_portr.html

Al Fayyum Portrait is Greek

Tour Egypt presents the Fayoum Oasis in Egypt


About the Area
A spring in Fayoum, Egypt
The Fayoum is a wonderful area of Egypt with a rich and interesting history. It is an area where Egyptians often vacation and which is constantly growing more popular among Europeans. This 692 sq. mile depression was a lush paradise during prehistoric times. It's water level was eighty-five meters higher than today (currently 45 meters below sea level) and the Nile regularly flooded through the low mountains separating it from the Fayoum. At 215 square km, the current lake Qaroun remains Egypt's largest salt water lake. The prehistoric people who lived here were, at first, nomadic hunters and gatherers, but later began harvesting plants near the lake. This developed into what is said to be the earliest agricultural area in the world, where fences were erected and guarded warehouses built. It has remained an agriculture center, well known for it's fruits, vegetables and chickens.
A mummy portrait of the Fayoum
Workers in the Fayoum
But agriculture is not the Fayoums only claim for being first. The Greek mummy portraits found in the Fayoum are said to be the worlds first true life portraits, and examples can be found in area museums. In addition, a paved road, which has been noted as a landmark of engineering by engineering societies along side the Eiffel Tower and Statue of Liberty, is said to be possibly the first paved road in the world and dates to over 4,500 years. And finally, the worlds first dam was probably built here in order to control the Nile floods into the area.
The peacefulness of the area is a relief from the hustle and bustle of Cairo, from which it is a brief trip. Bird life still abounds around Lake Qaroun, bordered by semi-nomadic Bedouin settlements and fishing villages. Here, on the edge of the desert, you can sail, windsurf, swim and fish. Other places of outstanding natural beauty near Fayoum are the hot springs at Ain al-Siliyin, where you can bath and the waterfalls at Wadi al-Rayan, 40km towards Bahariyya, also suitable for swimming and picnics.
Sunset on lake Qaroun
Fayoum is not a true oasis since it depends on Nile water instead of underground springs or wells. The ancient Bahr Yussef canal runs through the center of the city and irrigates the land. Only two hours from Cairo by road, Fayoum is renouned for its year-round warm climate, numerous water wheels (introduced by the Ptolemies in the 3rd century) and lush agricultural land. Cotton, clover, tomatoes, medicinal plants and fruit are all grown here. The local Souk (market) in Fayoum City sells copperware, spices and gold jewelry and there is a special pottery market once a week.
Other small villages in the area too small to document independently include Qasr Qarun at the western end of Birket Qarun and Shakshuk also by the lake on a bay.
Obelisk of Senusert

Notation: Many of the monuments, sightseeing, accommodations and amenities listed may be some distance from Medinet El-Fayoum itself.
Due to the canals, in the area, Medinet El-Fayoum has been called the Venice of Egypt. The city of close to half a million people was first known as Crocodilopolis, and later Arsinoe, and has a substantial Coptic presence. It is the capital of the province and lies at the center of the depression, and also the transportation network of the area. All of the canals, roads, and train rails in the Fayoum converge at Medinet El-Fayoum, including the famous Joseph's Canal, though to have been built by the biblical Joseph.
The city's dominate attractions are the water wheels built by the Greek settlers, the canals, and the Obelisk which stands at the city's northern entrance and was erected in honor of Senwosret I (12th Dynasty). This monument was originally found in two pieces during the 18th century and was recently reconstructed and erected in the City. It is thought to be the only Obelisk in Egypt with a rounded top, and has a cleft where a golden statue of Ra was originally placed.
The canal is the main avenue for most commerce in the city. The covered market place and the adjacent street of gold smiths found across the 4th bridge to the west of the central tourist office, are worth a visit .






How to get to Fayoum
From outside Egypt
International flights direct to Cairo, then either an internal flight (see below) or overland by bus or by car.
From Cairo
Overland
You may like to book a tour through a travel agent or hire your own transport. Bear in mind that desert driving has special requirements and be sure to get a suitable vehicle and guidance on possible hazards. 0therwise you can travel to each location by bus or service taxi and arrange trips from there.
Fayoum:
Service taxis from Midan Giza (Giza Sq.) or buses from the Ahmed Helmi or Giza terminals. By train from Ramses or Giza stations.


http://www.touregypt.net/fayoum.htm

Mummy of Greek-Egyptian ruling class

Members of the elite were often buried under small chapels, found in almost all parts of Egypt. Multiple burials are common for all social levels. Mummification was very common, maybe even for not very wealthy people. Tomb stones with a Greek inscription or depictions in a mixed Greek-Egyptian style are common.
Some object types found in Roman tombs. Note that some of these types were never found together,
UC 19618 Plaster mummy masks in Greek/Roman style are common in elite burials. Especially expensive examples were gilded.
http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/burialcustoms/roman.html

Greek in Italia is Doric

From about 700 BCE, the Etruscans settled around Tuscany and the Greeks in southern Italy. Etruscans probably came from Palestine and brought haplogroups J1, J2 and E with them. The Greeks in Italy were Doric and brought J2, E, G2a and probably more R1b. The Romans progressively absorbed the Etruscans and Italian Greeks and mixed with them. By the time of Julius Caesar Roman citizens were probably composed of 45% of R1b, 20% of J, 15% of E, 15% of G2a and 5% of I2a.

Italo-Celts were once probably a common people if you go back far enough.

Jizzo
 
People should really stop with this R1b propaganda. Everybody was R1b ha ha ha ha


Almost every person who ever did anything meaningful in the world was in fact R1b. Deal with it.



http://s1.zetaboards.com/anthroscape/topic/4679069/1/

Egyptian and Greek teeth

Dental morphology

Modern studies on ancient Egyptian dentition clusters the Ancient Egyptians with Caucasoids (Europeans, Western Asians) who have small teeth, as opposed to Negroids (Western Sub-Saharan Africans) who have megadont/large teeth.[56][57]
A 2006 bioarchaeological study on the dental morphology of ancient Egyptians by Prof. Joel Irish shows dental traits characteristic of current indigenous North Africans and to a lesser extent Middle Eastern and southern European populations, but not at all to Sub-Saharan populations. Among the samples included in the study is skeletal material from the Hawara tombs of Fayum, (from the Roman period) which clustered very closely with the Badarian series of the predynastic period. All the samples, particularly those of the Dynastic period, were significantly divergent from a neolithic West Saharan sample from Lower Nubia. Biological continuity was also found intact from the dynastic to the post-pharaonic periods. According to Irish:
[The Egyptian] samples [996 mummies] exhibit morphologically simple, mass-reduced dentitions that are similar to those in populations from greater North Africa (Irish, 1993, 1998a–c, 2000) and, to a lesser extent, western Asia and Europe (Turner, 1985a; Turner and Markowitz, 1990; Roler, 1992; Lipschultz, 1996; Irish, 1998a).[58]
Anthropologist Shomarka Keita takes issue with the suggestion of Irish that Egyptians and Nubians were not primary descendants of the African epipaleolithic and Neolithic populations. Keita also criticizes him for ignoring the possibility that the dentition of the ancient Egyptians could have been caused by "in situ microevolution" driven by dietary change, rather than by racial admixture.[59] However Keita himself has observed population continuity from the Pleistocene to the present in modern Egyptians.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt

Tuesday, March 26, 2013

ErikM Genetics: Is haplogroup R1a or R1b Turkic/Turanian or Indo-European?

I've read that R1a is considered a Indo-European haplogroup. What about R1b? Some people claim that R1a is Scythian, and that the Scythians were Turkic/Turanic. What are the facts?


http://www.girlsaskguys.com/Other-Questions/269105-genetics-haplogroup-r1a-or-r1b-turkic-turanian.html

Sunday, March 24, 2013

The light hair in ancient times in southern Europe was either due to dyeing it light (even Egyptians and Persians did this at times

Ancient Greek/Minoan and ancient Etruscan (central Italy) art show mainly dark haired, dark eyed, olive skinned peoples all throughout. The light hair in ancient times in southern Europe was either due to dyeing it light (even Egyptians and Persians did this at times, as is written), or they were foreigners from north, or slaves.
Most southern European art shows dark haired, eyed and olive skin peoples. Look it up on Google Image: "Ancient Greek / Minoan fresco" or "Ancient Etruscan fresco"
·
 
 
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HxZ4wcTQrx4

Mesopotamia is an hellenic word

MESOPOTAMIA IS HELLENIC WORD .
AND THE MESOPOTAMIA NEVER HAD CIVILAZATION OR HUMAN RIGHTS .
THE WORLDWIDE CIVILIZATION IS HELLENIC CREATION, FOR THIS EVERY SCIENE HAS HELLENIC NAME .
AND YOU ARE ARAB AND NO MESOPOTAMIAN
· 응답 대상: mohamed ali (댓글 표시)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8v2vRlLL58 

Greeks civillized Middle East

unfukkme1님이 TIGER sleepwalker님의 댓글에 답글을 올렸습니다. 2시간 전
THE GOD OF SUMERIANS AND EGYPTIANS WAS THE OLYMPIANS WITH DIFFERENT NAMES .
ALSO THE EGYPTIANS HAD NO LANGUAGE, THE PRIMITIVE SYMBOLS OF EHYPTIANS IS NOT LANGUAGE .
IN VATICAN EXIST HELLENIC SCRIPTURES OF OLYMPIANS OF 10.000 BC, THIS BREAKS UR EXTREME PROPAGANDA OF MIDDLE EAST AGAINST HELLENIC NATION .
THE MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZED BY MINOAN GREEKS





http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8v2vRlLL58

Latin is Hellenic tribe from Euboea


AVANDES They lived in Euboea. They were a protohellenic tribe that came into Greece appr. 2100-1900 BCE. They had lived initially in Phocis (Avai) and some of them in Argolis, Sicyon, Epirus, and Asia Minor.
  • Avas
  • Elephinor
  • Chalkodous
  • After the Trojan war they colonized Illyria.
  • They disappeared after the Ionian invasion on Euboea...
http://my.raex.com/~obsidian/gktrib.html

Hellenic Tribes

Hellenic Tribes
Greek civilization grew out of a welter of various Hellenic tribal nations which had occupied the region from time immemorial or had entered from elsewhere at an early date. Not much is known of this complex group of interrelated peoples, and so the best I can do for the moment is set down preliminary notes regarding them. includes the Æthikes, the Agraeoi, the Akarnanes, the Almopia, the Aones, the Aperandoi, the Athamanes, the Atindanes, the Avandes, the Boeotoi, the Chaones, the Dolopes, the Dorians, the Dryopes, the Ektines, the Eordaea, the Epeioi, the Eurytanes, the Gephyraeoi, the Idonoi, the Ionians, the Kikones, the Krestones, the Lapithes, the Leleges, the Lyngistes, the Magnites, the Malieis, the Molossoi, the Mygdones, the Oetaeoi, the Orestes, the Paetoi, the Pelasgoi, the Perraivoi, the Sea Peoples, the Temmikes, the Thesprotians, the Visaltes, the Vistones, the Yandes.

ÆTHIKESThey lived in northern and northwestern Thessaly, on Pindos and Karvounia mountains, near the Peneios river. They were neighbours of the Athamanes and the Tymphaioi and were first mentioned by Homer. They were regarded by other Hellenic peoples as barbarians and thieves. Their towns were Metsovo and Malakasio (nowadays within the administrative division of Ioannina). They disappeared after the Roman annexation of Greece in the 2nd century BCE.


AGRÆOIThey lived in the Agrapha Mountains, between the rivers Achelous and Agraphiotes. They called their land Agraea or Agrais. Important cities were Agrinio (capital city of the administrative division of Aetoloakarnania) and Ephyra.
They created their own kingdom.
  • Salynthios.........................................fl. c. 430 BCE
  • To the Ætolian League...



AKARNANES They lived in Akarnania, having arrived there from Argos. Their cities were Amphilochia, Amphilochikon Argos, Limnaea, Stratos, Oiniades, Anaktorio, Echinos, Aktio, Solion, Alyzea, Astakos, Phoitia, Medeon, Thourion, and Metropolis.
  • Alkmeon
  • Akarnan, with...
  • Amphoteros
  • The Akarnanian League..................................5th cent.
  • Allied to the Amphilochians
  • Allied to Athens.............................5th cent.-391
  • To Sparta..........................................391-371
  • To Thebes..........................................371-300
  • To Epirus..........................................300-273
  • Allied to the Ætolian League.......................270-245
    • Lykurgos..............................between 250-167
  • To the Ætolian League..............................245-231
  • 2nd Akarnanian League..............................230-225
  • To Macedonia.......................................225-197
  • Within the Roman State from 197...
    • Mnasilochos...................................190-189



ALMOPES They were located northwestern Macedonia, nowadays adm.div. of Pella, between the rivers Loudias and Axios and between the regions of Eordaea and Pelagonia. The region was inhabited by few people, who were isolated - therefore it was one of the first regions occupied by Macedonia. The primary cities were Orma, Apsalos, Europos, and Notia.
  • Almopas
  • ?
  • To Macedon c. 547/498



AONES Ancient inhabitants of Boeotia after the Ektines, regarded by other Hellenes as barbarians. They lived near Thebes, and came from Sounion (Attica) to Boeotia, together with Temmikes, Leleges, and Yandes.
  • Aon (Aonia - later called Boeotia - was named after him)
  • Defeated by the Cadmians
  • Afterwards they lived between north of Thebes and Lake Yliki.



APERANDOI They lived between the rivers Agraphiotes and Megdovas, to the Agrapha mountains, neighbours of the Agraeoi. They were an Ætolian sub-tribe.


ATHAMANES They lived in northeastern Epirus, on Tzoumerka mountains and in part of the administrative division of Trikala. They were regarded by other Hellenes as a semi-barbarian tribe. Important cities of this tribe: Argothea (capital city) and Theodoria.
  • Athamas
  • To the Corinthian League........................c. 395-378
  • To the 2nd Athenian League.........................378-
    • During the 2nd Sacred War allied to Macedonia
    • Opposed to Phocis 354
    • Opposed to Macedonia 323
  • Under the control of Macedonia
    • Alliance with Pyrros of Epirus
  • Theodoros..........................................fl. c. 205
  • Amynandrus.........................................fl. c. 201
  • Formed an Athamanian League



ATINDANES They lived in the region between Chaonia and Dodoni, in northwest Epirus.
    • Allied to the tribe of Molossoi...................c. 429
    • Allied to Rome....................................c. 229
    • Allied to Macedonia..............................225-221
  • To Macedonia..............................................205



AVANDES They lived in Euboea. They were a protohellenic tribe that came into Greece appr. 2100-1900 BCE. They had lived initially in Phocis (Avai) and some of them in Argolis, Sicyon, Epirus, and Asia Minor.
  • Avas
  • Elephinor
  • Chalkodous
  • After the Trojan war they colonized Illyria.
  • They disappeared after the Ionian invasion on Euboea...



BOEOTOI The region of Boeotia is northwest of Attica, nowadays one of the 52 administrative divisions of modern Greece.
  • Boeotus
  • Itonus
  • Hippalcimus, with...
  • Alector, and...
  • Areilycus
  • Leaders of the province during the Trojan war:
  • Peneleus
  • Leitos
  • Arcesilaus
  • Prothenor
  • Klonios
Three generations after the Trojan War the region was inhabited by the Boeotian tribe. They lived initially on the Boios mountain of Pindos, between Epirus and Macedonia. From there they moved to Arne between Thessaly and the Pagasitikos bay (till the end of the late Hellenic era). They claimed to be an Ætolian sub-tribe.
  • Boeotos
  • Opheltas......................................fl. 1150-1100
  • Xanthos
  • By the end of the monarchy, the tribe had colonized the whole region, by c. 950.
  • 1st Boeotian League................................525-480
  • This consisted of the city-states of  Thebes, Koronea, Aliartos, Tanagra, Thespies, while Orchomenos and Plataea remained independent, and Eleutheres and Erythres went to Athens.
    • Allied to Persia..............................490-479
  • 2nd Boeotian League................................479-447
  • 3rd Boeotian League................................447-387
    • Ismenias I........................................395
    • Boeotia was divided into districts in this era. These were:
    • a.) Thebais (including the cities of Thebes, Knopia, Ogchestos, Potniae, Kalydna, Therapnae, Schoinous, Peteon, Teumissos, Glisas, Yla, Foinikis, Tropheia),
    • b.) Orchomenia or Phlegyandis or Andreis (Orchomenos, Askledon, Tegyra, Yettos, Achmones, Kyrtone),
    • c.) Chaeronea (Chaeronea)
    • d.) Kopon (Kopes, Akraefnio),
    • e.) Levadeia,
    • f.) Koronea (Koronea, Alalkomemes, Tylfossion),
    • g.) Aliartia (Aliartos, Medeon, Okalea),
    • h.) Thespiki (Thespies, Eutrisi, Lefktra, Kerissos, Nisa, Askre, Ippotes, Thisvi, Korsies, Sifoi),
    • i.) Plataeis (Plataea),
    • j.) Tanagraea or Poimandria (Tanagra, Delio),
    • k.) Parasopea (Eteonos, Skolos, Ysies, Erythres),
    • l.) Tetrakomia (Phires, Aulis, Mykalessos, Arma, Eleion, Yrea),
    • m.) Anthedon (Anthedon, Isos, Salganeas),
    • n.) Larymna (Karsea, Ales),
    • o.) Oropos
  • 4th Boeotian League................................378-338
    • Gorgidas..........................................378 with...
    • Pelopidas.........................................378
    • Kavi---...............................between 379-338
  • To Macedon.........................................338-245
    • 5th Boeotian League...........................336-146
      • Hieronymus Kardianus......................c. 291
  • To Aetolia.........................................245-236
  • To Macedon.........................................236-146
    • Brachylles........................................196
    • Ismenias III......................................173
  • To the Roman Republic..............................146-27
    • 6th Boeotian League.......................146 BCE-3rd cent. CE
      • Pytheas......................................146
  • To the Roman Empire (dist. of Achaea 85 BCE)....27 BCE-395 CE



CHAONES Ancient protohellenic tribe with a Pelasgian root. They lived in Epirus, between the Keraunia mountains and Kalamas river, therefore the first name of Epirus was Chaonia. They were related the the Chaones of southern.Italy. Important cities: Vouthroton, Ilion, Foenice, Panormos, Ogchismos, Amandia, Antigonea
  • Chaon
  • They developed a system relying on an annual leader. By the 5th century they had combined to a large degree with local Thesprotean and the Illyrian peoples.
    • Allied to Ambracia against the Akarnanes..........428
  • Photios and...
  • Nikanor
  • To the League of Epirus............................232-170
  • To Rome................................................170



DOLOPES An ancient Aetolian tribe, related to the Magnites. They lived in Acarnania, southern Thessaly, and Phthia. Their borders were Phthia and Aenianes (East), Eurytanes-Agraeoi (South), Amphilochia (West), Athamanes-Thessaliotis (North). Their capital city was Ktimeni; other important cities were Dolopeis, Ageiai, Menelais, and Ellopia.
  • Dolops
  • Ktimenes
  • To Phthia
  • Phoinikas
    • Allied to Persia during the Persian Wars
  • Opposed to Herakleia 420.
  • To Pheres 374
  • To Macedonia 344
    • Allied to Athens 323
  • To the Aetolian League
  • To Macedonia
  • Independent........................................189-174



DORIANS A major Hellenic group of closely related tribes or septs, the Dorians are regarded both in archeology and in legend as the conquerors of the Peloponessus. Initially they lived in the area near Mount Olympus, in the land of Doris. In the 12th century BCE they began migrating southward, and three separate Doric tribes (Hylleis, Pamphyloi, and the Dymanes) settled in eastern and southern Peloponnesus, displacing the native Achaeans. The mythological account of this has it that these three groups were the descendents of three Herakleides (children of Herakles), Temenus, Aristodemus, and Cresphontes, who successfully recovered an inheritence lost to a cousin, Eurysthenes of Mycenae. They were a rather dour, plain-spoken, and harshly disciplined people - as their best-known branch, the Classic Age Spartans, personified greatly. The tension between themselves and the other great Hellenic people, the Ionians - who regarded Dorics as barely-literate, ill-mannered martinets - is at the heart of a great deal of Greek historical development.
  • Doros
  • Ægimios
  • Yllos
  • Colonization of the Peloponnesus..................from c. 1100
Afterwards the Dorians colonized Megara, Argolis, Laconia, Messinia, Aegina, Milos, Thera, Crete, Rhodes and Corinth.


DRYOPES Related to the tribe of Leleges, they were a barbarian tribe. They lived in the area between the mountains Oiti and Parnassus. They called their land Dryopis. Owing to Dorian pressure they evacuated their land and colonized Euboea,  Karystos, Styra, Cyprus, Kythnos, Argolis (Asine, Nemea), Messinia, and Epirus. Main city: Drys.
  • Dryops
  • Melaneus
  • Laogoras
  • Theiodamas
  • Kythnos............................................fl. 1200's BCE
  • This chieftain, driven from the mainland, established himself on the Aegean island which now bears his name.



EKTINES The first inhabitants of Boeotea.
  • Ogygos



EORDAEA Ancient region (and tribe) in western Macedonia near the lake Vegoritis. Eordaea’s borders were Almopia-Lyngistis (North), Elimea (South), Imathia (East), Orestis (West). The district occupied during the late Bronze Age, the Eordoi were a proto-Hellenic, Indo-European group that came to Eordaea appr. 2200 BCE. Nowadays there is the administrative division of Kozane. Main cities were Eordaea, Arnissa, Vegora and Kellas. Eordaea was the birthplace Ptolemy Lagos, the Macedonian general who gained the throne of Egypt.
  • Eordos
  • ?
  • Destroyed by the Timenides of Macedonia
  • To Macedon c. 547/498
    • Allied to the Greeks during the Persian wars



EPEIOI A Pelasgian tribe in the western Peloponnesus, they lived in Elea, Pisatis, western Achaea, and the Echinades islands. Their cities: Vouprasion, Elida, Yrmine, Myrsinos, Olene, Dyme, Ephyra, Kyllene, Pylos, Aleisio.
  • Epeios
  • During the Trojan War there were 4 different kingdoms...
  • Polyxenos and...
  • Thalpios and...
  • Andimachos and...
  • Diores
  • Many conjoined with Kaukones and Ionians and lived in Achaea (the Larissos River district).
  • The Epeioi of Pisa combined with the Arcadians and dwelt lived in Pisatis.
  • Agorios
  • The remaining eventually melded with the Ætolians and lived in Elea; Elean sequence thereafter...



EURYTANESAn Ætolian sub-tribe, they lived in the district of Karpenissi (today:capital city of Evritania), between the mountains Panaitolikon and Tymphristos. Their borders were Aenianes (East), Dolopes (North), Aperandoi-Akarnanes (West), Aetolians (South), Thestians (Southwest), Ofionians (Southeast). During the prehistoric era they had probably lived in Thessaly. Their capital city was Oichalia.
  • Eurytos
    • Allied to the Ætolians
  • From time to time to the Achaeans of Phthia, to Thessaly or to Macedonia
  • To Rome 146



GEPHYRAEOI A non-Hellenic tribe (Phoenicians) They lived in Boeotia in the town Gephyra. Afterwards they moved into Attica. It is claimed that they brought the alphabet into Greece. This was the homeland of Armodios and Aristogeiton, murderers of the Athenian tyrants Hippias and Hipparchus


IDONOI They lived in western Thrace, between the rivers Strymon and Nestos  (nowadays there are the cities Drama and Zichne). Their land was called Idonis or Andandros. Important cities were Myrkinos (capital-city), Draviskos and Amphipolis.
  • Idoneus
  • Lykurgos
  • Getas..............................................fl. c. 500
  • To Persia during the Persian wars



IONIANS One of the great pan-Hellenic tribal groups. They lived initially in southwestern Thessaly, but at a very early date migrated south. Some of them remained in southwestern Thessaly and others moved to west Locris, Achaea and Pisa. Afterwards they colonized Attica and Asia Minor. They also extensively settled the Cyclades, Euboea, Corinth, Megara, Epidaurus, and by the end of the Mycenean era they were in Attica, Megaris, Epidaurus, Troezin, Kynourua and Achaea. Defeated by the Achaeans, Minyes, Phlegyes and Lapithes, they remained largely in Attica, some of the islands, and most especially in western Asia Minor, which became known as "Ionia". They are to a large extent responsible for Greek literature, philosophy, and much Hellenic art (the Ionian dialect is the foundation upon which standard Classic Greek developed, which in turn gave birth to "Koine" (Common speech - the language of most of the New Testament), Byzantine dialects, and ultimately modern Greek. In acquiescing to Persian hegemony in Asia Minor during the 6th and 5th centuries, they earned the scornful contempt of the Peloponessian Dorians, who regarded Ionians as weak, compliant, mendacious, and very likely treasonous. It is this tension between the two groups which is at the heart of much of Greek historical development.
  • Ion
  • Partitioned into four sub-tribes: Geleondes, Oplites, Aegikoreis and Argadeis.



KIKONES They lived between the Evros river and the Vistonis lake. They came there appr. 1300-1200 BCE. Their cities were Xantheia, Maronea, Ismaros, Zone and Kyzikos.
    • Allied to Trojans
  • Euphimos
  • Mendes
  • Their capital Ismaros was conquered by Ulysses after the Trojan war
  • After the Mycenean era they disappeared as an identifiable people.



KRESTONES The Kristones lived in Krestonia a Macedonian district between Chalkidicia and the Strymon river. They were a Pelasgo-Thracian sub-tribe. Important cities: Antigonea, Xylopolis, Terpyllos, Karavia, Kreston.
  • To Mygdonia from 480 BCE



LAPITHES The main inhabitants of early Thessaly, together with the centaurs (Northern Pelasgia-Perraivia). Their main cities: Argissa, Gyrtone, Orthe, Elone, Olossoi. They colonized Perraivia. In the 10th cent. they built a lot of cities in other regions (Koronos of Koronea, Phaliros of Phalara, Elatos of Elateia in Arcadia, Boeotia and Phocis, Phorvas and Triopas in Rhodes).
  • Lapithus
  • Ypseus
  • Ixion
  • Peirithous
  • Kaeneas (his succestors were the Kypselides of Corinth)
  • Koronos (his succestors were the Phylaides of Attica) with...
  • Polypoites and...
  • Leondeus (during the Trojan War)
  • They were defeated by Ægimios, king of the Dorians...



LELEGES An early tribe related to the Dryopes, they were nomads.
  • Leles (from Laconia or Egypt)
  • They colonized the Cyclades islands, Asia Minor, Aetolia, Acarania, Megara (King Leles), Locris, Leukas, Euboea, Boeotia and Lacedaemon (King Eurotas)
  • Leleges from Sparta colonized Messinia (King Polykaon)
  • Leleges from Megara colonized Pylos (Messinia) and Pylos (Elis)
  • Leleges in Epirus were neighbors of the tribe of Molossoi
  • In Thessaly they succeeded the Pelasgoi
  • Evacuation of Ionia due to the Greeks..................1200/1100 BCE
  • Altis...........................................fl. c. 1200
  • Altis is mentioned in Homer as an ally of Troy - after the Trojan war they inhabited Chios and Samos.
  • Evacuation of Caria owing to pressure from the tribe of Cares



LYNGISTES They lived in Macedonia, in the Lyngystis Region (nowadays: Florina) and their capital-city was called Herakleia. An Illyrian tribe, they were neighbours of the Dassarites. Main cities were Herakleia, Kella, Vevi.
  • BAKCHIADES
  • Aeropos
  • Bromeros
  • Arrabaius..........................................fl. c. 423
  • Argaeus............................................fl. c. 391
  • To Macedonia appr. 338



MAGNITES They lived on Thessaly, in Magnesia, they were a Macedonian sub-tribe. Important tribe during the Neolithic, Bronze, Minoan and Mycenean ages. Their cities were: Mithone, Thaumakine, Melivoia, Olizon and Minyai.
  • Magnes
  • Prothous
  • Philoktetes and...
  • Medon (during the Trojan War)
  • Continued independence until the 6th cent.
  • To Thessaly..................................6th cent.-363
  • To Pheres..........................................363-c. 342
  • To Macedonia....................................c. 342-194
  • Founding of Demetrias, capital city of Magnesia  293 BCE
  • The Magnesian League...............................194-171
    • Eurylochos........................................193
    • Igisandros.................................c. 197-146
  • To Macedonia.......................................171-168
  • To Rome - (within the Magnesian League)...........from 168



MALIEIS They lived in southern Thessaly, a Dorian sub-tribe. The Malians were partitioned into three sub-tribes: Trachinioi, Paralioi, Iereis. Their capital city was Herakleia and afterwards Lamia.
  • Within the Malis region (their land was named after them) from c. 1100
  • Malos
  • To the Amphictiony of Delphi.................8th cent.- ?
    • Opposed to the Phoceans end 6th cent.
  • To Thessaly
  • To Sparta..........................................427-c. 371
  • To Pheres.......................................c. 371-370
  • To Thebes..........................................370-343
  • To Macedonia.......................................343-220
  • To the Ætolian league..............................220
  • To Thessaly appr. 27 BCE



MOLOSSOI An Epirote tribe dwelling in the north, who succeeded in gaining control over all of Epirus in late Classical times. They were best known for a breed of huge war-mastiffs they used in military operations.
  • For their rulers, see the earliest (pre-Aeacid) leaders of Epirus. Molossus, their eponymous ancestor, was said to have been born of a union between Neoptolemus and Andromache.
  • Established the Kingdom of Epirus, 6th or 5th centuries ?
  • Epirus to the Aeacid dynasty 395.
  • A League of Molossoi formed c. 300, within Epirote and then Roman jurisdiction.



MYGDONES A Thracian tribe living in southern Macedonia between the rivers Axios and Strymon, in northern Chalkidicia, near the Thermaikos Gulf. Their cities were Therme, Sidos, and Chalestri.
  • To Paeonia......................................to the 350's BCE
  • To Macedonia thereafter...



OETAEOI They lived on the mountain Oeti in southern Thessaly and in the 5th century in the valley of Aspos river. Important cities: Antikera, Anthile, Herakleia, Trachis.
  • Opposed to Dorians and Trachineans
  • Formed the Oeteanid League
  • To the Aetolians...................................280-168
  • To the Achaean League..............................162-146
  • Free and independent for a time; then...
  • To the Thessalian League thereafter...



ORESTES They lived in Epirus in their land called Orestis, which was part of Molossia. They inhabited the northern and northwestern borders of Greece between the rivers Aous and Achelous. They claimed to be successors of Orestes of Mykenaea. Important cities were Orestia and Argos Orestikon.
  • To Macedonia
    • To the Orestian League of Orestes within Roman hegemony
  • To the Roman district of Macedonia



PAETOI A minor tribe living in the region called Paetike. Their most important city was Zerenia.
  • To Persia and against the Greeks during the Persian wars  appr. 500-480
  • To Macedonia, 336
    • Against the Persians 334



PELASGOI An Indo-European tribe, that came into the Hellenic region appr. 3000 BCE. They lived in western Thessaly and Epirus. Afterwards they colonized not only Argolis and Arcadia, but also some of the Aegean islands, Attica, Crete, Ionia, Achaea, Phocis, Phthiotis, Euboea, Kristonia and Sicyon.
  • Pelasgos
  • Chloros
Most of them disappeared after the end of the Mycenean era, but some Pelasgian communities survived till the beginning of the 5th century BCE in Kristonia and Propontis.


PERRAIVOI They lived in northern Thessaly, initially in the district of Istiaiotis. Their cities were Gonnoi, Olousson, Phalanna, Doliche, and the Perraivean Tripolis (3 cities) consisting of Azoros, Polichna, and Pythion.
  • Triopas
  • Karkavos............................................c. 1500 BCE
  • Gouneus (during the Trojan war)
  • To the Amphictiony of Delphi
  • To Larissa
  • To Archelaos of Macedonia
  • Defeated by the Aetolian League........................199
  • Members as free tribe in the Delphian Amphictiony......196
  • They created a Perraivean League...................196-191
  • To Macedonia.......................................191-185



THE SEA PEOPLES Students of European history will be familiar in a general way with the phenomena of the devolution of Classic cultures, the swarming forth of innumerable barbarian tribes, and the subsequent emergence of the so-called "Dark Ages", together with the slow re-emergence of a vibrant civilization in the Mediaeval and Renaissance eras. Such a model is an oversimplification of what occured, but it is valid at least in broad descriptive outline. What is perhaps less well recognized is that such a pattern has happened, albeit on a smaller scale, before. Before the 1200's BCE, the Eastern Mediterranean played host to a variety of sophisticated civilizations. For a variety of reasons, the 17th to 13th centuries BCE saw a general retreat, one which did not begin to reverse itself until the 9th century BCE (leading to the eventual flowering of Classic-Age civilization by the 5th century). One important factor in this process was the sudden emergence of a group of barbarian tribes known collectively as the Sea-Peoples. These raiders critically damaged the ancient civilizations of Greece, Anatolia and Syria, and seriously threatened the southern Levant and Egypt. The origins of these peoples are unknown, though it is believed that they emerged  from the Aegean and may have been Minoan or Greek in origin. They referred to their own homeland as Ahhiyawa, which seems to be related to the word "Achaea". The Hittites described their home as an island near Milawanda (Miletos, on the Ionian coast); which may refer to Rhodes, while the Bible describes their origin-point as Caphtor, which is believed to be Crete. They were technologically and artistically sophisticated, being one of the first groups in the Levant to use iron weapons. The following is a list of the documented Sea Peoples, and what linguists and archeologists believe about their origins and eventual fates...
DANYA / DANNUNA They have been identified with the Danaoi, mentioned in Homer's Iliad; another, far-fetched explanation is that they are related to the early Irish Celts (Tuatha de Danaan) - but perhaps not completely far-fetched: variants on "Danu" (the name of an ancient river Goddess) appear all over Europe [Denmark, Danube River, Don River] - there may early links. Some historians and acheologists have suggested that the Danya invaded Canaan in alliance with the Philistines but then joined the Israelite tribal confederation as the tribe of Dan. The original territory of that tribe bordered Philistia, and the Philistines seemed to bear a particular grudge against the Danites, who eventually relocated to the Galilee. EKWESH This name is very similar to the Hittite name for Greeks (Acheans). Very little is known about them. Alternatively, some have hypothesized that the Ekwesh were the Minoan-age inhabitants of the Aegean island of Cos.
KARKISA A minor Sea People nation mentioned in passing in several sources and apparently coming from southern Anatolia. They may have been allied with the Lukka.
LUKKA These are believed to have hailed from Lycia, and probably returned there after several unsuccessful invasions of Egypt.
LABU While not Sea Peoples per se, this coalition of Libyan tribes participated in the attacks on Egypt, in conjunction with the Meshwesh and their allies. Libya (a term once used by Greeks to describe all of Africa) derives its name from them. See also Libu, for a later kingdom established by a subsequent incursion by these people into the Nile region. They are depicted in Egyptian artwork as having fair skin, red hair and blue eyes. Unlike their allies the Meshwesh, they wore kilts and were uncircumcised. The Sheshonqid (22nd) dynasty of Egypt is believed to derive from a different tribal group.
  • Merirey (see also Libya).......................c. 1230-1220 BCE
MESHWESH This nation arrived on the Libyan coast from the north and invaded Egypt in alliance with Libyan tribes, in particular the Tehenu and Temehu under a King called Merirey (see Libya and, just above, Labu) in the reign of Merneptah (roughly 1230 BCE). They were also part of the Sea People coalition (along with the Tjekker and the Philistines) who invaded Egypt during the reign of Rameses III (early 1100s BCE). Their ultimate fate is unknown. In Classical times, Herodotus described a tribe in Libya called "Maxyes" who claimed a Trojan ancestry, but he goes on to note that his report is based on hearsay. Egyptian artwork, interestingly enough, clearly depicts Meshwesh captives as being circumcised.
  • Buyuwawa the Libyan ? ...........................fl. c. 1200 BCE ?
  • Buyuwawa is spoken of as the founder of the Sheshonqid dynasty, which succeeded in gaining control over Egypt 945-715. See Libya.

PELESHET These are the Philistines who settled in the southern coast of Canaan and established the pentapolis of Gaza, Gath, Ekron, Ashkelon and Ashdod. They may have invaded Canaan originally in alliance with the Israelites, who settled in the inland areas, but any collegiality quickly disappeared if Biblical records are anything to go by. The name Palestine, given to Judea by the Romans after the Jewish Wars, is believed to be derived from Philistine, although some scholars have suggested that it actually (ironically) comes from a derogatory Greek epithet for Jew.
SHARDANA (Sherden)Formerly, it was thought that this people migrated out of the Hellenic region, crossed the central Mediterranean, and conquered Sardinia, which still bears a variant of their name. Recently though, it has been suggested that the migration was in the opposite direction - that they were aboriginal inhabitants of Sardinia who traveled eastward into the Hellenic littoral. A Sardinian origin is supported further by discoveries on that island of horned helmets similar to those depicted on Egyptian images of Shardana warriors. The Shardana are the first of the Sea Peoples to appear in the historical record, as Egyptian mercenaries mentioned in the Amarna letters. They later fought in both the Egyptian army and the armies of the Sea People coalitions.
SHEKELESH This is believed to be the group that sacked and destroyed Ugarit. They were part of the coalition that fought Merneptah and later Rameses III. The Medinet Habu relief depicts a Shekelesh prince, who is shown bearded, with a thin prominent nose and a swept back turban, which some scholars believe to be hair. Not much else is known about them.
TJEKKER / SHEKELESH The Tjekker are of uncertain origin, but they raided Egypt repeatedly before settling in northern Canaan. They may originally have been the Teucri, a tribe inhabiting northwest Anatolia around Troy. They conquered the city-state of Dor and turned it into a Tjekker kingdom. They are one of the few of the Sea Peoples for whom a ruler's name is recorded - in the papyrus account of Wenamun, an Egyptian priest...
  • Beder (Prince of Dor)...............................c. 1050 BCE
  • To Macedonia.......................................191-185
  • Dor fell to King David of Israel in the 990's, and the Tjeker are not mentioned after that date.
Besides the Dorite Tjekker, some scholars believe that the Tjekker may have been connected in some way with the Israelite tribe of Menasseh. See also the Teucri, in northwest Anatolia. TYRSENNOI May be related to the Etruscans, but any connection is sheer speculation - Hellenic peoples knew of them; the "Tyrhennian" Sea - derived from a Greek term - still survives as a name for the waters between Tuscany and Corsica. Beyond that, note that the Etruscan word for themselves was "Rasena".
WESHESH Their origins are unknown, though there is some evidence that they may have come from the area of Caria. Some have theorized that they, like the Danya, became part of the Israelite confederacy (as the tribe of Asher).



TEMMIKES A barbarian tribe living in Boeotia before the Cadmians and the Boeotians. They came to Boeotia along with the Aones, Leleges, and Yandes.


THESPROTIANS Their region was called Thesprotia. Nowadays Thesprotia is one of the 52 administrative division (nomoi) of Greece (capital-city: Preveza). They lived in Epirus between the Amvrikikos Bay and the Kalamas river and between Pindos mountains and the Ionian Sea.
  • The first inhabitants.................................................Early Bronze Age
  • Beginning of the middle Hellenic period the region had been inhabited by the tribes of Elopes, Greacians, Kassopaeoi, Dryopes, Dononians. They moved and colonized afterwards Ithaca, Leucas, Akarnania
  • Partial colonization of Thessaly and S.Greece 12th-11th cent.
  • Thesprotos
  • Kallidice
    • Isolated until appr. 730 BCE
  • South Thesprotia was occupied by Eleans 7th cent.
  • Allied to Corinth................................. ?  -5th cent.
  • Allied to Athens and the kingdom of Molossoi.......415-404
  • Occupation of Kassopaea, Dodoni, East Thesprotia by Molossoi after 400 BCE
  • To the 2nd Athenian league.........................375-c. 350
  • The Thesprotian League middle 4th cent. (cap-city: Elea, afterwards Titane)
  • To Macedonia.......................................343-300
  • To the League of Molossoi..............................300
  • To Macedonia.......................................300-220
  • To the Epirote League..............................220-167
  • To Epirus..............................................167
    • The Thesprotian League........................167-148
  • Assigned as a district of Macedonia within Rome....148-27
  • Assigned as a district of Achaea within the Roman Empire from 27 BCE
The Thesprotians were divided into many sub-tribes: Aegestaeoi, Dodonians, Eleaeoi, Elinoi, Ephyroi, Ikadotoi, Kartatoi, Kestrinoi, Klauthrioi, Kropioi, Larissaeoi, Onopernoi, Opatoi, Tiaeoi, Torydaeoi, Fanoteis, Farganaeoi, Fylates, Chimerioi.
Their main cities were Ephyra, Chimerion and Torine.


VISALTES They lived in Macedonia, east of the Mygdonia region, between the Volvi lake and the Strymonas river
Their cities were: Verge, Euporia, Kalliteres, Oreskia, Visaltia (capital-city). Before the 5th cent. Visaltie and Kristonia had a common history
  • Mosses..........................................c. 500-480
  • Demetrius..........................................fl. c. 450
  • Vastareas..............................................c. 350
  • To Macedonia..............................4th cent. to 179
  • Part of Mygdonian territory (within Macedon and then Rome) from 179...



VISTONES They lived in the Rhodopi district to the Aegean sea, near Abdera. Their land was called Vistonea and it was between the Kikones and the Sapes regions.
  • Vistonas
  • Orpheus
  • Diomedes (during the Trojan war)



YANDES Proto-Hellenic tribe inhabiting Boeotia alongside the Aones, Leleges, and Temmikes. They lived near Thebes, and in later times colonized East Phocis (building the city of Yambolis), West Locris, and Aetolia.





http://my.raex.com/~obsidian/gktrib.html

Saturday, March 23, 2013

일본의 태극문양은 '헤이안 시대(平安時代)'부터 시작한 것 헤이안 시대'는 한반도에서 삼국시대가 끝나고 백 년 정도 이후부터 시작한 시대

물론, 중국인들은 '태극무늬'로 알려진 '소용돌이 무늬'가 중국의 '태극 사상'에서 유래한 것이라고 주장할 것이다.
그러나, 중국의 태극 사상에 기인한 태극무늬가 중국에 처음으로 나타난 것은 천 년 정도밖에 안 되고 또 그것은 '2태극'이라는 점을 고려해 볼 때, 다른 지역에서 발견되는 소용돌이 무늬들은 그 명칭이 무엇인가에 불구하고, 중국의 태극사상과는 무관한 것이라고 할 수 있다.
태극무늬에 가까운 것의 시작으로서, 먼저, 인도의 '만(卍)' 무늬가 있었다. 그 무늬의 모양을 산스크리트어에서는 '스와스티카(Swastika ; 스바스티카, Svastika)'라고 하고, '행운'이나 '윤회'를 상징한다고 한다.
아마도 시계 방향으로 도는 만자무늬는 행운을 부른다고 하고, 시계 반대방향으로 도는 만자무늬는 사악한 기운을 물리치는 것이라고 하는데, 그 시계 반대방향으로 도는 만자무늬가  파괴와 새로운 창조, 즉 윤회를 상징하는 것이었을 것이다.


불교에서는 시계방향으로 도는 모양의 스와스티카를 주로 많이 사용하고, 힌두교에서는 시계 반대 방향으로 도는, 즉 역방향의 스와스티카를 많이 사용한다고 한다.
그 '스와스티카(만자무늬)'는 인도만이 아니라, 인도에 침입해 들어와 '카스트(caste)' 제도라는 신분제를 만들어 놓은 백인종 집단인, 이른바 '아리안(Aryan)'들에게 공통된 무늬였던 것 같다. 즉, 유럽 각지에서 발견된다.
독일어로는 그것을 '하아켄크로이츠(Hakenkreuz : 갈고리 십자가)'라고 부르며, 히틀러에 의해서 나치 독일의 상징으로 사용되었는데, 나치 독일의 하아켄크로이츠는 힌두교에서 많이 사용되는 역방향의 만자무늬였다.
다만, 유럽에서는 시계 반대방향으로 도는 것을 오히려 원래의 방향으로 보고, 만자무늬의 위쪽을 기준으로 할 때 그것이 오른쪽으로 도는 것이라고 말하는 것 같다.
그래서 특히 불교에서 많이 사용되는 시계방향으로 도는 만자무늬를 '역방향의 스와스티카' 또는 특히 구별해서 사우바스티카(Sauvastika ; Sauwastika, 사우와스티카)라고 한다.
그러나 서양의 그러한 방향해석은 표면만 보는 관찰인 것이고, 실제로 소용돌이가 움직일 때 어떻게 움직일 것인가 하는 동적인 관점에서 보면, 동양에서 생각하는 방향이 맞다고 생각된다.
4개의 팔을 가진 소용돌이 무늬는 우리나라의 '가야'의 유물들에서도 발견되고 있다.
'가야(Kaya)' 자체가 인도와의 직접 또는 간접적인 교류가 있었던 듯한 흔적이 있고, 불교의 전래도, 현재 학계에서 공식적으로 인정되고 있는 고구려의 소수림왕 시절(서기 372년쯤)보다 훨씬 먼저였던 것으로 보이지만.
다만, '가야'가 접했던 인도는 사실은, 일본에 정착한 인도 사람들이었을 가능성도 상당히 있다고 생각한다.
그러나 아무튼 그것들은 4개의 팔을 가진 소용돌이의 무늬이며, 내가 여기에서 말하고자 하는 '태극' 무늬와는 조금 다른 것이 아닌가 하는 생각이 든다.
한반도(조선반도; the Korean Peninsula)에서 가장 먼저 태극무늬가 확인되는 것은, 신라시대부터이다.
서기 5세기 무렵의 신라시대의 무덤에서 발견된 칼에 '삼태극(三太極)'의 무늬가 새겨져 있다.
어떤 학자들은 그 칼의 모습을 보고, 로마 제국이나 페르시아 같은 서역에서 수입해 온 것일 것이라고 주장한다.
실제로, 그 칼과 비슷한 모습의 칼이 서역에서 발견되기도 했다.
그러나, '3태극'의 무늬는 그 서역의 칼에서 확인되지 않은 것 같다.
일본에서도 '3태극'과 비슷한 문양이 널리 쓰여 왔다.
일본에서는 그것을 '토모에(巴繪)'라고 불렀다.
활을 쏠 때 왼쪽 팔에 시위가 튕겨져서 다치게 되는 것을 막고자 하는 '활팔찌'를 일본에서는 '토모(巴)'라고 하는데, 그 토모의 모습과 닮았다고 해서, 그렇게 부른다고 한다.
2극의 토모에도 있지만, 대부분은 3극의 토모에이고, 그것을 '미츠 도모에(三つ巴; 미쯔도모에)'라고 부른다.
< 일본의 관동지방, 즉 옛날에 고구려의 유민들이 개척한 무사시노 쿠니 지역에서 발원한 宇都宮(Utsunomiya; 우츠노미야) 가문의 상징 문양, 즉 가문(家紋; Kamon)>
일본에서는 그러한 문양을 가문의 문양(家紋; Kamon; 카몬)이나, 신사(神社; Jinja; 진자)의 상징 문양으로 써 오고 있는 경우가 많고, 그 '토모에'가 일본에서 발생한 고유의 문양이라고 보고 있는 것 같다.
'토모에'의 유래에 대해서도, '곡옥(曲玉; Magatama; 마가타마)'의 모습을 그린 것이라고 주장하기도 한다.
< 일본의 곡옥(Magatama; 勾玉 or 曲玉 >
그러나, 일본의 '토모에'라는 것은, 일본의 '헤이안 시대(平安時代)'부터 시작한 것으로 보이고, 그 '헤이안 시대'는 한반도에서 삼국시대가 끝나고 백 년 정도 이후부터 시작한 시대이니, 실제로는 한반도에서 건너간 사람들이 그 무늬를 쓰기 시작한 것이 아닐까 하는 생각도 든다.
일본의 전국 각지에서 '미츠 도모에' 즉 '삼태극'의 무늬를 상징으로서 많이 쓰고 있지만, 고구려와 백제, 신라 사람들이 가서 개척했다는 관동(關東; Kantou; 칸토오) 지방의 무사시노(Musashino;  武蔵野) 출신의 무가(武家)들이 특히 '미츠 토모에'를 자신들의 상징으로서 많이 쓰고 있는 것 같다.
'곡옥(曲玉)'이라는 것 자체도, 일본보다는 한반도, 특히 신라와 백제에서 많이 장신구로 사용하고 있었다.
 
 < 신라의 황남대총(皇南大塚)에서 발견된 금관: 기원후 5세기쯤. 구슬들, 즉 곡옥(曲玉들이 달려 있다. 일본에서는 이렇게 화려하게 곡옥으로 치장된 금관 같은 것은 발견되지 않고 있다. >
서양에서는 3태극 무늬와 비슷한 무늬를 '트리스켈(Triskele)' 또는 '트리스켈리온(Triskelion)'이라고 부르기도 한다.
< 아일랜드(Ireland)의 트리스켈 >
< 켈트족의 트리스켈 >
그 '트리스켈'은 켈트족에서 유래한 것이 아닌가 하고 주장되기도 한다.
켈트족은 유럽의 각 지역으로 흩어져 갔었다. 심지어 소아시아, 즉 지금의 터어키 지역인 '아나톨리아'에까지 가서 살았던 켈트족의 일족들도 있었다.
그 켈트족의 문화는 기묘하게도, 머나먼 동방의 한반도의 문화와 통하는 것들이 있다.
그 중에서 대표적인 것이 '고인돌'이다.
세계에서 가장 고인돌이 많이 발견되는 지역이 한반도와, 한반도를 중심으로 하는 요동과 산동반도, 일본의 큐우슈우(九州)인데, 유럽에서도 켈트족이 살았던 곳들에서는 '고인돌'들이 발견되고 있고, 그 '고인돌'을 '돌멘(Dolmen)'이라고 부른다.
'고인돌'이 한반도에서 더 이상 만들어지지 않게 되고, 그 비슷한 모양을 가진 것이 다시 한반도 전역에서 만들어지게 되었는데, 그것이 '홍살문'이다.
'홍살문(紅箭門)', 즉 '붉은 화살의 문'은 '신성한 지역'을 뜻하는 표시였다.
그 홍살문에는 거의 반드시 '태극' 무늬가 그려졌고, 그 태극 무늬는 대체로 '삼태극'의 무늬였다.
일본에도 홍살문과 비슷한 것이 있는데, 일본에서는 그것을 '토리이(鳥居; Torii)'라고 부른다. 새(鳥; 토리; a bird)가 앉게 된다고 해서 그렇게 부른 것 같다. 그 '새'는 신성한 존재와 인간의 사이를 중계한다.
< 일본의 이세 신궁(伊勢神宮; Ise-Jingu)의 토리이 >
일본의 '토리이' 역시 '신성한 지역'을 표시할 때 세워졌지만, 한반도의 홍살문과는 달리, '태극 무늬' 같은 것이 그려지지는 않았다.
지금까지 우리나라에 남아 있는 태극 무늬, 그 중에서도 가장 전통적이고 널리 사용되어 왔던, '행운을 부르고, 사악한 것들을 내쫓는 표시'라고 하는 '삼태극'의 무늬는 과연 어디에서 유래한 것일까?
알 수 없다.
정말로 유럽의 켈트족의 문화가 퍼진 것인지, 아니면, 다른 무엇이 있었는지.
중요한 것은, 그 무늬를 현재까지도 가장 발전되고 안정된 형태로 사용하고 있는 것이 우리나라 사람들이라는 것이다.
켈트족의 '트리스켈'은 디자인이 다양하지만, 우리나라의 삼태극처럼 3원색을 사용하지는 않고 있다.
다만, '빨강, 파랑, 노랑'은 색깔의 3원색이라고 잘못 알고 있는 사람들도 있지만, 실제로는 '색깔의 3원색'은 '자주색(Magenta; 마젠타), 조금 어두운 하늘색(Cyan; 시안 또는 사이안), 노랑(Yellow)'이다. 즉, '빨강, 파랑, 노랑'의 3색에는 그다지 상징성이 부여되기 곤란한 것이다.
< 색의 3원색 >
나는 '3태극'이 '빨강', '파랑', '노랑'의 3색으로 이루어진 것보다는 '빨강', '파랑', '초록'의 3색으로 이루어진 것이 더 낫지 않을까 생각한다.
'빨강(Red)', '초록(Green)', '파랑(Blue)', 즉 RGB는 '빛의 3원색'이기 때문이다.
< 빛의 3원색 >
  
쉽게 볼 수는 없지만, 우리나라의 3태극 무늬에도 '빛의 3원색'인 '빨강, 초록, 파랑'을 쓴 것도 있고, 그 태극 무늬를 회전시키면, '하얀 빛'으로 보이게 된다.
우리는 본래 '백의민족(白依民族)', 즉 '하얀 옷을 좋아하는 겨레'가 아니었던가?
http://blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=purunmir&logNo=44851864

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